Фонд оценочных средств для проведения текущего контроля и промежуточной аттестации обучающихся по дисциплине иностранный язык
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FLUThough there are no signs of a new flu epidemic, it will be better prepared especially since the virus has only a short two-to-three day incubation period, which means that it can spread like wildfire. Influenza starts abruptly with a fever, sore throat, aches and pains and a dry cough, but not necessarily catarrh or a blocked nose. The fever stays high (around 103-104 F) for several days. The first thing to do is to stay in bed and rest. But there are other things you have to do: 1. Ask the doctor about vaccination beforehand. Flu vaccines (which are continually being updated to cope with new strains) should give 60-70 percent protection and may make the illness milder in those who do catch it. It's very safe, with little danger of side effects, takes about two weeks to take effect and give protection for about six months. Doctors encourage the elderly and anyone with chronic chest or heart condition or kidney complaint to be vaccinated. 2. Go to bed as soon as the fever starts and drink plenty of warm fluids. It doesn't matter if you can't eat for a few days. Six-hourly doses of aspirin or paracetomol soothe headaches and painful limbs; take a patent cough suppressant or warm water mixed with honey and lemon. 3. Occasionally, flu can be complicated by pneumonia. If you develop breathlessness or start to bring up discoloured or bloodstained phlegm when you cough, let your doctor know immediately. Fortunately, this is very rare and most patients are back to normal in one or two weeks at the most. 3. Read and translate the text:Lobar pneumonia Lobar pneumonia is often of acute onset with fever and rigors. Pleuritic pain is commonly present with a consequent painful cough and the production of purulent sputum. The patient is usually febrile with tachypnoea and tachycardia. Central cyanosis may be detected in extensive disease. Other clinical findings are diminution of movement of the chest on the affected side and, later, crackles and a pleural rub. There may be dullness to percussion with bronchial breathing and whispering pectoriloquy over the consolidated area. Any lobe of the lung may be involved by pneumonia though the lower lobes are most commonly affected. On the chest radiograph a homogeneous opacity is seen with an air-bronchogram. The diagnosis of lobar pneumonia is seldom a problem after careful clinical examination and chest radiographs. The differential diagnosis should include a bronchial neoplasm associated with infection ‘behind the block’, and pulmonary infarction. The presence of lung collapse either clinically or radiologically and the absence of bronchial breathing over a large area of apparent consolidation are signs suggesting bronchial obstruction, perhaps due to a tumour. There may be other suggestive features of neoplasia. The distinction between lobar pneumonia and pulmonary infarction can present difficulties but with a pulmonbary infarct, fever is seldom prominent at the onset of the illness and the sputum is initially mucoid, possibly with haemoptysis. Clinical or radiographical bilateral changes in the lung and the early development of blood-stained pleural effusions favour pulmonary infarction. Peripheral venous thrombosis may be apparent on clinical examination. жүктеу/скачать 163,87 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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