Әдебиеттер:
1.
Умирзаков С.И. Инновационный путь развития рисоводства Казахстана: проблемы и
перспективы // «Қазақстанда және шет елдерде күріш шаруашылығын дамытудың
ғылыми-инновациялық негіздері» Халықаралық ғылыми-практикалық конференцияның
материалдары (2-3 қараша 2012 ж.). – Қызылорда, 2012. – 23-28 бб.
2.
Зубаиров О.З. Инновационные способы поливов и использование их для орошения. –
Алматы: Нур-Принт, 2012. – 6-15 бб.
3.
Зайцев В.Б. Рисовая оросительная система. - М.: Колос, 1964. - 302 б.
4.
«Су ресурстарының азаюы жағдайында «Шаған Жер» ЖШС-нің күріш ауыспалы
егістігінің
мелиоративтік
жағдайын
жақсартуға
бағытталған
инновациялық
шараларды қолдану арқылы суды тиімді пайдаланудың пилоттық жобасы» есебі.
Ы.Жақаев атындағы Қазақ күріш шаруашылығы ғылыми-зерттеу институты. –
Қызылорда, 2014. – 17-24 бб.
UDK 633.17:631.5
FORAGE PRODUCTION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SORGHUM AND PEARL
MILLET ON MARGINAL LANDS IN PRIARALIE
K.N. TODERICH
1
, I.A. TAUTENOV
2
, S.ZH. BEKZHANOV
2
, N.SH. NURGALIYEV
2
International Center for Biosaline Agriculture for Central Asia and Caucasus
1
The Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda State University
2
Аnnotation
This article is dedicated to crops diversification of agriculture on marginal (low productive, salt
affected and abandoned) lands through mobilization of high- yielding-salt and drought tolerant improved
genetic lines of sorghum and pearl millet under conditions of Pre-Aral.
Screening of more than 11 improved lines of sorghum and 7 pearl millet from ICBA through on-
station and participatory on-farm trials on in rice crops rotation in Kyzylorda region Sudan POP I, GB
8735, HHVBC Tall, IP 19586, Sudan Pop III of pearl millet and ICSSH 28, ICSSH 58, ICSV 25275 of
sorghum were identified as the most salt- and drought-tolerant and highly productive varieties for food,
grain and forage production.
It was found that under limited irrigation on saline soils of Priaralie sorghum formed more than 48
t/ha and 68t/ha for pearl millet green forage biomass. Average threshold salinity levels for examined
sorghum corresponds as ICSV 93046 > ICSSH58 > SPV1411 > S35 > ICSV25279 > ICSV112 >
ICSV25280 > ICSV 25275 > ICSR93034 > ICSR172 and trend of salinity tolerance for investigated pearl
millet varieties is arranged as IP22269 > IP19586 > IP13150 > Hashaki 1 > HHVBC Tall > ICMS7704
accordingly. A positive correlation between dry fodder yield and soil salinity at the 30-cm and 45-cm soil
depths was observed for pearl millet and sorghum.
Corresponding coefficients of determination (R
2
) between plant height and soil salinity for pearl
millet and sorghum were 0.63 and 0.65. As results, we are recommending sorghum and pearl millet to be
planted as main or second crops being planted after winter wheat harvesting in summer and or second
crops in short –cropping- rotation in rice production system.
Key words: crops diversification; salt tolerance, sorghum, pearl millet, forage biomass, Pre- Aral.
Аңдатпа
Мақалада дәстүрлі емес тұзға және құрғақшылыққа төзімді құмай және африкалық тары
дақылдарын өндіріске енгізу арқылы Арал өңірінің дағдарысқа ұшыраған маргинальді (өнімділігі
төмен, айналымнан шығып қалған) жерлерін қайта игеру және малазықтық дақылдардың
45
өнімділігін арттыра отырып, өсімдік шаруашылығын әртараптандырудың ғылыми негіздері
қарастырылған.
Қызылорда облысы жағдайында күріш ауыспалы егістерінің тұзданған топырақтарында
шетел селекциясынан құмайдың 11, африкалық тарының 7 генотиптері сыналып, жоғары өнімді
сортүлгілері бөлініп алынды.
Құмайдың ICSSH 28, ICSSH 58, ICSV 25275 және африкалық тарының жақсартылған
линиялары Sudan POP I, GB 8735, HHVBC Tall, IP 19586 жоғары өнімді, ерте және орташа пiсетін,
құрғақшылыққа және тұзға төзімді болып шықты. Жылдың ауа-райы жағдайына байланысты Арал
өңірінің тұзданған топырақтарында минералдығы төмен сумен шектеп суғарғанда құмайдың көк
балауса өнімділігі гектарынан 48 тоннаны, ал африкалық тары өнімділігі гектарынан 68 тоннаны
құрады. Құмайдың зерттелген сортүлгілері тұзға төзімділік деңгейі бойынша ICSV 93046 >
ICSSH58 > SPV1411 > S35 > ICSV25279 > ICSV112 > ICSV25280 > ICSV 25275 > ICSR93034 >
ICSR172 > ICSR172 болса, африкалық тарының зерттелген линияларының орналасуы IP22269 >
IP19586 > IP13150 > Hashaki 1 > HHVBC Tall > ICMS7704 болды.
Құмай мен африкалық тарының көк балауса өнімділігі мен топырақтың тамыр орналасқан
қабатындағы (30-45 см) тұздылық деңгейінің өзара оң байланысы анықталды (детерминация
коэффициенті R
2
=0,63-0,65). Екі дақыл да негізгі және аралық дақылдар ретінде күздік бидайды
немесе арпаны жинап алған соң қысқа айналымды күріш ауыспалы егістерінде жазғы егіс ретінде
ұсынылады. Топырақтың жоғары тұздылығы әсерінен дәндік малазықтық биомассада протеиннің,
клечатканың, май мен күлдің мөлшерінің азғана көбейгендігі және азотсыз экстрактивті заттардың
мөлшерінің төмендегені анықталды. Бірақ бұл ауытқулар алынған мал азығының энергетикалық
құндылығына әсер ете қойған жоқ.
Кілт сөздер:
дақылдарды әртараптандыру, тұзға төзімділік, құмай, африкалық тары, мал
азықтық салмақ, Арал өңірі.
Аннотация
В данной статье рассматриваются научные основы диверсификации растениеводства в
Приаралье, путем внедрения новых нетрадиционных соле- и засухоустойчивых культур, таких как,
сорго и африканское просо с целью освоения и получения наибольшей продуктивности кормовых
культур на маргинальных (низкопродуктивных, засоленных, заброшенных) землях.
В условиях Кызылординской области на засоленных почвах рисовых севооборотов
испытаны 11 генотипов сорго и 7 генотипов африканского просо и отобраны наиболее
высокоурожайные сортообразцы зарубежной селекции. Улучшенные линий сорго ICSSH 28,
ICSSH 58, ICSV 25275 и африканского просо Sudan POP I, GB 8735, HHVBC Tall, IP 19586
оказались
наиболее
высокоурожайными,
скороспелыми
и
среднеспелыми,
засухо-
и
солеустойчивыми.
В зависимости от погодных условий года на засоленных почвах в Приаралье при
ограниченном поливе низкоминерализованной оросительной водой, можно получить урожай
зеленой массы сорго до 48 т/га, африканского просо до 68 т/га. По степени солеустойчивости
исследуемые сортообразцы сорго соответствуют ICSV 93046 > ICSSH58 > SPV1411 > S35 >
ICSV25279 > ICSV112 > ICSV25280 > ICSV 25275 > ICSR93034 > ICSR172 > ICSR172;
солеустойчивый экологический ряд изученных линий африканского просо располагается по
нарастающей IP22269 > IP19586 > IP13150 > Hashaki 1 > HHVBC Tall > ICMS7704.
Выявлена положительная корреляция (коэффициент детерминации (R
2
=0,63-0,65) между
урожаем зеленой биомассы африканского просо и сорго и уровнем засоления почвы в
корнеобитаемом слое (30-45см). Обе культуры могут быть рекомендованы в качестве основной и
промежуточной культур в летних посевах, после уборки озимой пшеницы или ячменя в рисовых
коротковегетационных севооборотах. Под влиянием повышенного засоления было отмечено
незначительное увеличение содержания протеина, клетчатки, жира и золы и уменьшение
содержания безазотистых экстрактивных веществ в зерновой кормовой биомассе. Однако, эти
изменения практически не повлияли на энергетическую ценность полученных кормов.
Ключевые слова:
диверсификация культур, солеустойчивость, сорго, африканское просо,
кормовая биомасса, Приаралье.
Introduction. Soil salinization are major problems affecting all cotton and wheat growing
areas in Aral Sea Basin placing a heavy burden upon resource poor farmers, who are located in
the most land-degraded areas of the region. Most of the irrigated lands in these areas are subject
46
to salinity due to the sharp continental arid climate with aridity coefficient from 0.12-0.3 [1].
Initial source of the accumulated salts in soil profiles is irrigation water. The risk of topsoil
salinization is further increased due to the rising water table, as a result of high irrigation rates
and poorly managed drainage channel system. The per capita income is 30% lower than average
national indicators and unemployment levels are 40% higher. Awareness by farmers on
soil/water conservation and management of marginal lands is also very poor. Measures for the
reclamation of salt prone marginal lands and water applied to crop and irrigation scheduling is
still based on the previous traditional approaches.
Cultivation of most agricultural crops requires high inputs of chemical fertilizers or
applying costly leaching and intensive drainage. This strategy, however, increases the risk of re-
salinization in the root zone and the leaching process has to be repeated each cropping season in
order to avoid build-up of high salt concentration. In this regard, efficiently water use for
irrigation coupled with introduction of modern biosaline technologies as mentioned by Toderich
et al, [2] can help to integrate all interactions and define the best management for crop
production under saline environments. Over the last decade, a number of plant species have been
tested globally including the prevailing conditions of Central Asia for their tolerance to salinity
[3, 4]. These species have been shown to be highly productive with excellent digestibility
characteristics; palatable to animals; and highly nutritious. With proper screening and evaluation,
these species can become an integral component in farm production systems in Priaralie (lower
stream of Central Asian rivers) under saline environments. Therefore a key principle is to ensure
sustainability by exploiting the diversity of degraded landscapes on which different groups of
people depend on and suggest appropriate crops diversity and adoption of innovative farming
technologies.
This article alternative agricultural production system may assist in the process of utilizing
these marginal resources; provide economic returns and environmental benefits to the farmers.
Introduction of new salt tolerant crop varieties/improved lines into marginal areas requires better
understanding of alternative mechanisms of cultivation and seed multiplication of highly
productive and adaptive varieties to poor-nutrient and salt stress environments in a small-scale
farming system. This will be necessary to ensure that livelihoods are maintained, even while
intensive development activities are underway. In the vast border line (a belt between irrigated
agriculture and sandy desert) areas, where agropastoral and livestock systems predominate, our
approach will be to target highly selective investments in water and land that will support change
without prejudicing the livelihoods of often marginalized groups. Therefore is crucial to review
ways of improving the productivity, livelihoods and food security of smallholder farmers while
also sustaining ecosystems and natural resources and to consider the processes and mechanisms
necessary to promote adoption of healthy agricultural production under limited soil and water
resources.
The main goal of the current studies was to evaluate the performance of improved lines of
non traditional salt tolerant crops (sorghum an d pearl millet) to match soil salinity level and the
type of production farming system for different ecological zones in Aral Sea Basin (Uzbekistan
and Kazakhstan).
It was envisaged that the diversification of cropping systems under prevailing saline
conditions could sustain agricultural production from salt affected areas and increase profits of
farmers.
Methodology. The measures include the establishment of on-farm demonstration trials for
using of 5 open pollinated varieties (OPVs), and populations improved lines of sorghum and
pearl millet, which were identified during the previous project (2007-2009) that appeared to
have high yield potential (both grain and fodder) under saline conditions. These will now be
extensively evaluated in on-station and farmer-participatory on-farm trials.
In 2011-2013 seed sowing of 13 entries of sorghum and 7 entries of pearl millet was
conducted were planted manually in randomized block design with 3 replications. Each plot has
6 rows with length of 5 m and inter row space of 35 cm with distance between plants as 10-12
47
cm. Additionally on-farm trials were established with 4 pearl millet (ICMS-7704, IP13150,
IP19586, HHVBC-Tall) and 6 sorghum entries (SPV-1411, ICSSH-58, ICSR-93034, ICSV-
25280, Uzbekistan 18 and Oranjevoe 160 as local checks). Each plot has 4 rows with length of
25 m and inters row space of 60 cm. Climatic and agronomical characteristics on evaluation of
sorghum and pearl millet ICBA/ICRISAT germplasm performance under saline environments of
Kyzylorda province (Kazakhstan) is given in Table 1.
Table 1-Climatic and agronomical characteristic of on-station multi-location trials of
sorghum an dpearl millet under saline environments at Kyzylorda province (Average data for
2011-2014)
On-station multi-location trial (Pearl Millet)
Location Data and Trial Management -2011-2014
1
Location: Kazakhstan Scientific Research Institute of Rice Production (KSRIRP). Ministry of
Agriculture of Kazakhstan (KzR)
2 Name of the
Collaborator and
mailing address: Kyzylorda region, Kazakhstan;
3 Lattitude:
45.4732211°
Longitude: 64.2143548°
Altitude: 130m
4 Rainfall (mm):
April
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Multi-annual
14
11
5
5
3
4
in 2011
22,2
2,7
0,7
0
1,7
0
Air Temp. C
0
Average Multi- annual
10
18,8
22,6
26,1
23,8
16,9
Experiments.
14,6
22,0
28,7
31,1
27,8
19,3
irrigation (of given): only one after seed sowing
800 m
3
/ha
18.07
6 Soil type
: meadow-alluvial; silt loamy soil; medium to high
saline (900-1200ppm); chloride-sulphate type
Humus - 0.9-.1%
P
2
O
5
20-35
K
2
O
125-158
N-16-17.7
7 Fertilizer
: Rate (kg/ha)
Fertilizer
Date
applied
applied:
N : 100
:
P : 50
:
This type of soil is reach in
potassium
Others.
(if any)
8 Date of cultural operations :
Planting :16 July (as second summer
crop) and in May (as main spring
crop)
Thinning : 4; full
seedling
emergence at 27
July
Harvesting : end of Sept.-01
October
9 Plot size and spacing : 432 м
2
Plot size (sqm)
: (Gross)
:
Spacing (Row to Row) :
30cm; 60-75 –for seed
multiplication trial
: (Net)
:
Spacing (Plant to Plant) : 10-
12cm
48
Chemical analysis of soil and water during cropping season has been conducted to develop
on-site soil and water management system under these two alternative cereals. Monitoring of
irrigation water, ground water by using EC meter (Direct Soil EC meter) during sorghum and
pearl millet vegetation season at experimental station of Kyzylorda Institute of Rice Production
(Kazakhstan) was conducted during two vegetation season. Nutritional value of sorghum and
pearl millet fresh biomass were studied by using standard biochemical methodology.
Results and discussion. Screening of sorghum and pearl millet on soil salinity
tolerance. A good correlation between dry fodder yield and soil salinity at the 30-cm and 45-cm
soil depths was observed for pearl millet and sorghum planted in raised-beds (Fig. 1, Fig. 2).
Corresponding coefficients of determination (R
2
) between plant height and soil salinity for pearl
millet and sorghum were 0.637 and 0.656 respectively.
There is a good correlation between plant height and soil salinity at the 45-cm soil depth,
which was observed for pearl millet and sorghum. Corresponding coefficients of determination
(R
2
) between plant height and soil salinity for pearl millet and sorghum were 0.506 and 0.361
respectively. Investigated sorghum and pearl millet germplasm
shown increasing trend of salt
tolerance such as
ICSV 93046 > ICSSH58 > SPV1411 > S35 > ICSV25279 > ICSV112 >
ICSV25280 > ICSV 25275 > ICSR93034 > ICSR172 > ICSR172.
Figure 1 - Correlation between dry fodder yield and soil salinity at the 30-cm depth taken
on 3 July 2012 (left) for pearl millet and between dry fodder yield and soil salinity at the 45-cm
depth taken on 31 October
Average threshold salinity levels for examined pearl millet varieties ranged from 2.60 to
8.5 dS m
-1
; and from 2,4 up to 4.6 dS m
-1
for sorghum entries respectively. Among the tested
pearl millet varieties high survival rate, plant density and plant height (at 50% flowering stage)
had the following increasing trend: IP22269 > IP19586 > IP13150 > Hashaki 1 > HHVBC Tall >
ICMS7704. New released variety Hashaki 1 has an intermediate position, while the lowest plant
density (467 plants/ha) was observed for Raj 171.
New local variety is resistant to moderate soil
salinity and low quality water with grain yield 2.96 t/ha. sorghum was more sensitive than pearl
millet to soil and water salinity under shallow (0,5-1,8 m) and saline water table (1,5-3,8 dS m
-1
)
as it was demonstrated in a trial in Priaralie. Thus, sorghum and pearl millet varieties derived
from ICRISAT and ICBA germplasm normally can be classified as moderately salt-tolerant
crops.
Soil salinity impact on agrobiological characteristics of sorghum and pearl millet. The
filed seed germination for pearl millet improved lines from ICBA were lowest than for sorghum
and varied within limit 52,0-59,3% (Table2). The best seed germination and plants survival
performance were observed for Sudan POP I, HHVBC tall and Hashaki 1.
49
Table 2-Field seed germination and plants survival rate at on –station multi-location trials
at Kyzylorda irrigated agroecological zone
№
Variety
Seed germination,
(% )
Survival,
(%)
Plant density,
(th/ha)
Height of plants
before harvesting
1
Oranjevoe 160
64,5
93,6
171500
246,9
2
ICSV 93046
61,8
90,2
153200
233,7
3
ICSV 112
65,4
88,7
166900
140,2
4
ICSV 25280
53,7
91,0
130100
196,8
5
ICSV 25274
56,1
91,9
136700
211,1
6
ICSSH 28
61,8
89,4
162100
280,0
7
ICSV 25279
58,1
92,3
133400
216,3
8
ICSV 25275
62,9
91,6
161300
194,1
9
ICSSH 58
61,8
92,1
153800
233,6
10 SPV 1411
60,3
91,5
152900
195,8
11 Oranjevoe 160
64,5
93,6
171500
246,9
Comparative studies of plant growth and yield value before harvesting shown that plant
height indicated that ICSSH 28 (2,80 m) and ICSSH58 (2,33m) had the maximum plant height,
followed by ICSV 93046, ICSV 25275, ICSV 25274, SPV 1411. Oranjevoe-160 (variety of
Uzbek breeding), ICSV 25279, ICSV 25280 (1.47 m). The lowest plant height was observed for
ICSV 112 (1.40 m). As seen from Table 3 the similar tendency was observed regarding
accumulation of green forage biomass, calculated before plant harvesting (15-20 days before
harvesting).
Table 3-Agrobiological and yield characteristics on-station multi-trials under saline
environments in Kyzylorda region
№
Entries
Days of harvesting
Height of
plants
(average
data), (cm)
Yield of green
biomass
Yield of Dry
biomass
At 50% of
flowering
Days before
harvesting
kg/m
2
t/ha
kg/m
2
т/га
1
Oranjevoe 160
(Control)
17.08
87
196,9
3,6
36,0
1,01
10,1
2
ICSV 93046
25.08
95
223,7
3,05
36,5
0,92
9,2
3
ICSV 112
15.08
85
140,2
2,85
28,5
0,89
8,9
4
ICSV 25280
17.08
87
196,8
3,7
37,0
0,99
9,9
5
ICSV 25274
30.08
100
211,1
3,55
35,5
0,96
9,6
6
ICSSH 28
1.09
102
280,0
4,48
44,8
1,45
14,5
7
ICSV 25279
18.08
88
216,3
4,19
41,9
1,38
13,8
8
ICSV 25275
16.08
86
194,1
3,37
33,7
1,02
10,2
9
ICSSH 58
16.08
86
233,6
4,21
42,1
1,33
13,3
10 SPV 1411
5.09
106
195,8
3,65
43,5
0,98
9,8
Comparative studies of phenology of the analyzed pearl millet germplasm showed different
rates of seed germination, seedling survival and green forage biomass in 2011, 2012 and 2013.
As seen from Table 4 the high green biomass 37,3-47,5 t/ha was described for HHVBC Tall
followed by Sudan POP I, GB 8735.
50
Table 4 - Agronomic and yield of biomass of sorghum and pearl millet varieties on –station
multi-location trials under saline environments in Kyzylorda region (Average data for 2011-
2014)
№
Entries
Days of harvesting
Plant
height,
(cm)
Yield of green
biomass
Yield of dry
biomass
At 50% of
flowering
Days before
harvesting
кг/м
2
т/га
кг/м
2
т/га
1
GB 8735
1.08
68
260,5
4,17
41,7
1,05
10,5
2
HHVBC Tall
23.07
60
282,7
4,75
47,5
1,28
12,8
3
Sudan POP I
28.08
96
312,4
3,73
37,3
1,03
10,3
4
JBV 2
26.07
63
261,7
2,65
26,5
0,71
7,1
5
ICMV 155
25.07
64
235,2
2,47
24,7
0,74
7,4
6
Hashaki 1 (Uzbek
variety)
17.07
56
231,3
2,75
27,5
0,75
7,5
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