Абай атындағы ҚазҰПУ-нің ХАБАРШЫСЫ, «Тарих және саяси-әлеуметтік ғылымдар» сериясы, №3(58), 2018 ж.
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The form of ideology is determined by the way of spiritual reflection of the interests of certain social groups.
By these methods of reflection, we can distinguish the following types of ideology: political, philosophical,
religious, aesthetic, legal, moral. In them the interests of social groups are reflected with varying degrees of
immediacy. The brightest may be in political ideology. Religious ideology is, on the one hand, a universal form of
ideology, on the other hand, inaccurate, because it mediates social interests and ideological positions by
sanctioning belief in the supernatural and specific theological arguments. However, the strength and mass of its
impact, it competes with political ideology. A symbiosis of political and religious ideology in the form of religious
and political is also possible.
The well-known Russian scientist A. Ignatenko defines Islamism as religious, political and socio-cultural
ideology and practical activity aimed at creating conditions in all areas of the life of the Muslim community
(social, cultural, political, economic, spiritual, religious, educational, scientific and intellectual) in which the
regulation of relations in society, politics and inter-state relations will be carried out on the basis norms of Sharia
[3]. In other words, it means the implementation of a project to create political conditions for the implementation
of Islamic norms of public life in all spheres of human life. That is why Islamism is also called political Islam or
politicized Islam. Islamism is included in the number of political ideologies - communism, liberalism, fascism,
globalism, nationalism, etc., and in this respect functionally comparable with them.
C. Cox and J. Marks in their study which is called “The ‘West’, Islam and Islamist” write about Islamism in a
more pessimistic shadow. The authors argue that Islamism is refer to radical, militantly ideological versions of
Islam, as interpreted by the practitioners and in which violent actions such as terrorism, suicide bombings or
revolutions are explicitly advocated, practiced and justified using religious terminology’ [4].
E. Levin, in his book “The Phenomenon of Politicization of Islam” notes that Islamism is developing in the
form of a modern version of Muslim fundamentalism. On the one hand, this is the ideology of the Sunni adherents
of strict orthodoxy, who are fighting for the state of Islam in Afghanistan (the Taliban). They demand from
Muslims strict observance of the Shariah regulations in the interpretation of medieval religious and legal schools.
On the other hand, the Salafi are advocates of the idea of returning to the sources of faith. They are represented by
Islamists of two categories: the purists of the Word of God, the purification of Islam from late medieval dogmas
without reconsideration of sacred texts in the modern spirit, struggling for the revival of the Islamic community
solely on the basis of the Quran and Sunnah, and the keepers of the Spirit of Revelation, followers of the Muslim
reformers al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh, both modernizing and conservative persuasion: moderate
(“Muslim brotherhood”, supporters of Sharia modernization) and radicals close to Wahhabis [5, p. 77].
Further, it can be conclude that Islamism includes the following main ideological positions:
- Call for the restoration of the original, undeformed or lost Islamic values in a certain historical period;
- Offer an ideal version of the structure of society, a state based on the laws of Sharia, social justice, with a
strong ruler. This ruler combines both secular and spiritual power. The head of state guarantees social justice to
the community, which, in its turn, fully supports a strong fair power;
- Do not completely reject modern political institutions, including democracy and human rights, offering them
in their own interpretation;
- Often Islamists, cultivate in their adherents the idea of jihad, and their extremist wing justifies terror as one of
its means [6, p.103].
Many researchers, for example A. Savateev, separate the concept of Islamism from Political Islam. The author
believes that Political Islam acquires a narrower meaning, that is, it refers to socio-political trends that use
principles and norms as a means of achieving political goals, up to the decision to set a regional and global level
[7 p. 21]. In this context Islamism forms an integral part of the political life and culture of Muslim societies,
reveals itself as a political religion based on a concept aimed at gaining power by religious and political groups by
peaceful or armed means. Consequently, in this practice, Islam is not only a religion but also a political system,
which social structure is based on religious legitimacy.
Some researchers, comparing Islamists and ordinary believers note the political character of the Islamists'
movement. They claim that Islamism is not a religious movement. They explain this statement by the fact that
Islamists do not call for reforms of religion, demand a change in its role in the life of society. At the same time,
Islamism does not recognize both the ideology of the state and the policy of the existing regime. Islamists believe
that the world order infringes the position of Muslim countries. Here we see the fact that the core of Islam is strict
monotheism, from which follows the organic indivisibility of the worldly and sacred. In contrast, modern
Islamism, or politicized Islam, is an ideology of forces embodying a religious form, using religion as a means to
achieve political goals, an ideology in which harmony of inseparability is violated in favor of politics.
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