Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
semi-savage - полудикий, первобытный
to be engaged in smth - заниматься чем-л.
slavery - рабство
advance - продвижение вперед, успех, прогресс,
улучшение
means о production - средства производства
tools - инструменты
roughly - грубо
Read and translate the Text
FIRST SOCIO-ECONOMIC FORMATIONS
The first socio-economic formation was the primitive-communal system,
which covered the period of many hundred years. At first people were in a semi-
savage state, powerless against nature. They gathered nuts, wild fruit and berries,
roots and plants. Man's first instruments were roughly chipped stones and sticks.
Later people learnt to make the simplest tools. The basis of production relations was
communal ownership of the primitive labour instruments and production means.
People lived together in communes. With the advance of cattle-breeding and
agriculture there arose a social division of labour: animal husbandry (скотоводство)
separated from agriculture. This led to higher productivity and productive forces
growing. Productive forces continued to expand and man began to produce more. It
became possible to use workmen obtained through warfare (в войнах). Captured
prisoners became slaves. There followed the first division of society into classes
known as slavery. Slave-owners possessed both the means of production and the
people engaged in production. The ancient world achieved considerable progress in
economy and culture. But time passed, and the necessity to replace the slave-owning
relations arose: the new feudal mode of production began to take shape.
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