part of his citizens moved to Kerey

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HISTORY OF FORMATION OF THE KAZAKH KHANATE
Russian and Kazakh societies. Thus, on 
various suburbs of the former Golden 
Orda, in the period of dissociation 
khan authoritarian regimes of Eurasia, 
steppe Kazak outlaws of Ukraine, 
Kazakhstan, the South of Russia have 
been formed since ancient times.
FORMATION OF THE KAZAKH 
KHANATE
The death of the Khan Abulkhair at 
the end of 1468 led to an aggravation 
of political crisis in the state. Sources 
called his son Sheikh-Haidar as his 
successor, but at the end of 1469 – at 
the beginning of 1470 the supporters 
of Sheikh-Haidar were crushed, the 
Khan is killed, and his possession is 
divided into three parts. 
Fight for Deshti-Kypchak of 
governors of the Kazak outlaws of 
Kerey and Zhanybek with descendants 
of Abulkhair began in 1469. As a result 
of this fight, Western Semirechye, 
Central Kazakhstan, the Middle Syr-
Darya Current appeared in Kerey and 
Zhanybek’s hands. This education 
was got by the name of the Kazakh 
Khanate. 
The territory of the western part 
of Semirechye became a basis of the 
Kazakh Khanate. Kerey and Zhanybek’s 
supporters formed the Kazakh Khanate 
after Abulkhayr’s death, having come 
back from Zhetysu to Desht-i Kypchak’s 
territory. In 1470 in the steppes near 
Syr-Darya there were Kazakh groups. 
The eldest son of Zhanybek Mahmoud 
occupied Sozak, and other his son 
Erenshi – Sauran. Here Erenshi faced 
the troops of Muhammad Shaybani 
who in the followed fight were crushed 
and compelled to run to Bukhara.
In the early seventies, the Kazakh 
Khanate was divided into two wings. 
The left wing (east) was headed 
by Kerey, the right wing (western) 
including possession of Musa and 
other descendants of Edyge — by 
Zhanybek. Here it is possible to speak 
about institute of a coregency, since 
ancient times known in the Steppe. 
Borders of the Khanate stretched from 
Irtysh to Zhaik (Ural). Mangytskii bies 
tried to leave from under Kerey and 
Zhanybek’s power and to proclaim 
the Khan more obedient to the will of 
sultans. In 1472 Musa-myrza concludes 
the alliance with Muhammad Shaybani, 
having promised to proclaim him 
the Khan of all Desht-i-Kypchaka, but 
the victory of sultan Buryndyk – the 
son of Kerey – at the pass Sagunlyk 
in Karatausky mountains, and then 
at Otrar, Turkestan, Arkuk, compelled 
Shaybani to run again, having buried 
these hopes. 
The Kazakh Khanate since the 
beginning of the formation led fight 
for association of all Deshti-Kypchak 
tribes and accession of the cities near 
Syr-Darya. After Kerey’s death in 1474, 
his son Buryndyk (1474-1511) became 
the Khan. Thus, by the end of the XV 
century the valley of Syr-Darya was 
divided between three states – Uzbek, 
Kazakh and Mogulsk. Leaning on the  
cities near Syr-Darya, Buryndyk Khan 
succeeded to unite nomadic tribe 
of Zhetysu, the Central and Western 
Kazakhstan. Buryndyk for a short time 
located there in lower reaches of the 
Ural, the former capital of the Nogai 
ulus. After the death of Musa-myrza, the 
majority of nomadic tribe of Mangyt 
pass under the power of the Kazakh 
Khan Buryndyk. Between Buryndyk and 
Kasym (the son Zhanybek Khan) began 
a bitter struggle for the power which 
came to the end by 1511 with Kasym’s 
victory.
From now on the Supreme 
power for a long time passed to the 
descendants of Zhanybek Khan. At 
Kasym the cities near Syr-Darya were 
finally assigned to Kazakhs. In 1519 
Kasym fixed his power in the Western 
Kazakhstan, as a result of a victorious 
campaign against Mangyts. In June, 
1519, the main forces of Mangyts were 
broken under Hagi-TarKhan and the 
river Edil (Volga) became a western 
border. Zhetysu and Prityanshanye 
also were a part of the Kazakh Khanate. 
Since this period of-1519 the Kazakh 
Khanate becomes a subject of the 
international relations. The Moscow 
state was one of the first states which 
entered diplomatic communications 
with the Kazakh Khanate. The Crimean 
Khan in correspondence with the 
Turkish authorities stated concern 
about expansion of possession of 
Kazakhs in the western direction.
For the first time after the Mongolian 
gain of the territory of Kazakhstan 
almost all Kazakh tribes, including 
tribes of Semirechye, were united in 
one state. Contemporaries determined 
number of citizens of Kasym Khan 
by one million people. During his 
governing western countries learnt 
about the Kazakh state. 
TWO DIFFICULT CENTURIES 
In the 20th, after the death of 
Kasym, civil strifes of sultans-dzhuchids 
for a while weakened the Kazakh 
Khanate. The successor of Kasym – 
Mamash Khan died in civil fight. The 
union between Uzbek and Mogulsk 
governors which developed against 
Kazakhs is one of the adverse factors of 
life of the Khanate. The cities near Syr-
Darya were lost.
 The Kazakh Khan Takhir (1523 — 
1533) failed in fight against the Nogai 
Orda, unsuccessfully tried to win the 
Syr-Darya cities. Conflicts forced Takhir 
to run in Semirechye where with 
Kyrgyz it undermined Mogulsk Khan 
Sultan Said’s attempts in the union to 
restore the power in this area. 
During the governance of  Khan 
Buydashe, Takhir’s brother, Kazakhs 
were broken in 1537 by the Mogulsk 
Khan Abd-ar-Rasheed. 20 Kazakh 
sultans died with him. Practically until 
the end of the XVI century the cities 
near Syr-Darya – Sygnak, Sauran, Otrar, 
Turkestan (from XVI century began to 
be called the city of Yasa) and others 
were a part of the state of Shaybanids 
– Transoxiana.
 The Kazakh Khanate was limited 
during this period from the South in 
the area of Syr-Darya lower reaches 
and Karatau. 
Hakk-Nazar Khan tried to restore 
the right of Kazakhs for the lands 
making the huge territory of the 
Kazakh Khanate at his father Kasym’s 
governing. But in the conditions of a 
heavy foreign policy situation this task 
in general became impracticable. In 
its time the Russian state after a gain 
of the Kazan, Astrakhan, then Siberian 
Khanates came nearer to the borders 
of the Kazakh steppes. Nogais, Bashkirs, 
Siberian Tatars rushed to the Kazakh 
steppes, on Syr-Darya there were 

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HISTORY OF FORMATION OF THE KAZAKH KHANATE
Karakalpaks, in Semirechye – Oyrats 
(Zunghars). 
During some period Kazakh 
authorities controlled only territories 
to the South from Ulutau, on Sarysu, 
in Northern Priaralye, Karatau, in the 
Western Semirechye, approximately 
in the limits shown in «the Book 
to the Big Drawing». The borders 
of the Khanate changed, thus, in 
dependence generally on foreign 
policy circumstances.
At the same time the part of Kazakhs 
remained in places of the dwelling 
and got to submission of neighboring 
states and governors. Especially often 
passed the nomadic cattle breeding 
population of steppe spaces under the 
power of other governors, for example, 
the Kazakh tribe wandered in the 
territory of the Siberian Khanate, came 
out to the Barabinsk steppes occupied 
at that time by Chatsky Tatars. And 
under Hakk-Nazar’s power part of the 
Nogais passed to Emba, to the Aral Sea, 
to Syr-Darya and dissolved then in the 
Kazakh Younger zhuz.
The Hakk-Nazar-Khan managed 
to take under the control lands from 
Syr-Darya, Priaraly to Emba and on 
Yaik’s left bank, having accepted part 
of the Nogai uluses under the power. 
In its intentions was to go further to 
the west. However, on the western, as 
well as northern borders of the Kazakh 
Khanate the Russian state became an 
obstacle for their expansion.
In the Southern Kazakhstan the 
Hakk-Nazar Khan tried to move apart a 
vicious circle of the possession which 
didn’t have an exit to the trade and 
craft and agricultural centers. The 
Baba-sultan also looked for the help at 
the Kazakh Khan and even promised to 
give him cities of Yasa and Sauran, but 
having received the help, perfidiously 
killed the Kazakh sultans, including two 
sons of Hakk-Nazar who came to him 
on negotiations. Soon Hakk-Nazar also 
died. 
In XVІІ century internal political life 
in Kazakhstan didn’t differ in stability. 
The Kazakh Khanate broke up to 
parts more and more, feudal conflicts 
amplified. Various groups of the 
nomadic nobility competed among 
themselves. 
With formation of the Dzhungar 
Khanate in 1635 increased the danger 
of capture of the Kazakh lands in 
Priirtyshge and Semirechye by Oyrats. 
Kazakhs were pressed in the southern 
and western direction where thhey 
came to collision with the Uzbeks 
living on the lands, Karakalpaks, Nogais, 
Bashkirs. 
The heavy economic and political 
situation in Kazakhstan was caused by 
continuous intestine wars, unstable 
relations with the governors of Central 
Asia. The condition of dissociation 
and weakening of the Kazakh Khanate 
affected not only state integrity of 
the territory subject to Khans, but 
also ethnic. Contentions competing 
for power and citizens, for pasturable 
lands and the cities between Khans, 
sultans, groups of the aristocracy of 
tribes slowed down the rates of public 
and cultural development, disturbed 
creation of conditions for consolidation 
of statehood in the territory of 
Kazakhstan for effective protection of 
radical lands of the people.
Dzhungar riots were one of the 
essential reasons of gradual fading 
of life of the cities in the south of 
Kazakhstan. Attacks of Dzhunghars cut 
important trade ways, caused extensive 
damage to economy of civilians.
Strengthening of the Kazakh 
Khanate in the period of Tauke Khan 
governing (1680 — 1718), the union 
of Kazakhs with Kyrgyz and Karakalpaks 
weakened for a while an impact of the 
Dzhunghars on the Kazakh lands. 
Tauke Khan managed to normalize 
a little the political situation in the 
breaking-up Khanate. He took a 
number of measures for raising 
of authority of the khan power, 
overcoming the separatism of the 
nobility, consolidation of the people. 
The body of norms of a common law 
of «Zhety-Zhargy» which defined the 
basic principles of a law and order and 
state system was made. He looked for 
ways of the union and peace relations 
with neighboring states.
The main data on «Zheti Zhargy» - 
the code of laws of Tauke Khan 
The Kazakh lores call Tauke as 
«Zheti Zhargy’s» creator. As if he 
collected for council of three bies – 
Tole-Bi from the Senior zhuz, Kazybek-
Bi from the Middle zhuz, Ayteke-Biya 
from the Younger zhuz – and, having 
discussed with them the frequent 
quarrels happening between Kazakhs, 
made and approved some statutes. 
According to other legend, 
Tauke Khan brought together in 
the natural boundary Kul-Tobe (Syr-
Darya area) seven bies and these bies 
connected old customs of Khans of 
Kasym and Ishim in new customs 
called «Zheti Zhargy». Therefore in 
scientific literature «Zheti Zhargy» is 
called also as «Laws» of Tauke Khan 
and it is considered as a fundamental 
document of the Kazakh statehood. 
«Zheti Zhargy» body of laws (in 
translation from Kazakh – «Seven 
Establishments») included the 
following main sections:
• 
The land law in which the 
solution of disputes on pastures and 
watering places was discussed.
•  The family and marriage 
law where the order of the marriage 
and divorce, the rights and duties 
of spouses, property rights of family 
members were established.
• 
The military law regulating 
departure of a compulsory military 
service, formation of divisions and 
elections of military leaders.
•  The provision on trial 
discussing an order of judicial 
proceedings.
• 
The criminal law establishing 
punishments for different types of 
crimes except murder.
• 
The law on kuna establishing 
punishments for murders and heavy 
injuries.
•  The law on widows 
regulating the property and personal 
rights of widows and orphans, and 
also obligations of a community and 
relatives of the dead in relation to 
them.
Historians refer their emergence to 
the 70th years of the XVII century. It was 
a hard time in the history of the Kazakh 
Khanate: Tauke had to wage two-front 
war and conflicts in the Khanate didn’t 
stop. These statutes were accepted to 
strengthen the Khanate and covered 
practically all aspects of life.
According to «Zheti Zhargy» 

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HISTORY OF FORMATION OF THE KAZAKH KHANATE
the Supreme power in the state 
concentrated in hands of the Khan. 
Control was exercised by means of 
sultans and tribal foremen, through 
people’s assemblies – kurultais – where 
the present had to have weapon. At 
the same time, Tauke sought to limit 
the power of sultans, to strengthen 
centralization by management of 
three zhuz through responsible bies.
Criminal precepts of law stipulated 
following crimes: murder, mutilation, 
rape, beating, insults, non-execution 
of a filial duty, theft, adulteries, etc. 
Punishments stipulated blood feud: 
a murder for a murder, a mutilation 
for a mutilation. The payoff from 
punishments – kun – was established. 
The death penalty was applied in 
the form of hanging and a beating 
by stones for murder of a husband 
by a wife, murder by a woman of 
illegally begot child, adultery of a wife, 
blasphemy, etc.
The size of kun depended on the 
social status of a criminal and a victim. 
So, for the murder of a simple man 
the murderer could pay off, having 
given to his relatives of 1000 rams, for 
a woman – 500, for murder of a sultan 
or a hodzha kun was raised as for 
seven simple people. In general norms 
of a common law were adapted for 
protection of property, protection of 
privileges of the Kazakh nobility.
Tauke Khan managed to overcome 
internal civil strifes, to restore 
tranquillity in zhuzes, thereby to secure 
transhumance of the Kazakh tribes 
from external invasions for a while.
NEW TESTS
However, relative tranquillity 
proceeded not for long. Attacks of 
Dzhunghars on the Kazakh lands 
happened in 1710/11, in 1713 and 
1718, and 1723 — the year of «Great 
disaster» swept part of Kazakhs far 
away from their ethnic territory. Many 
ran to Central Asia that couldn’t but 
fuel tension with local population; 
other moved to the west, to Emba, 
Yaik, Or and Uya, having pressed from 
their vicinities of Nogais, Bashkirs, Volga 
Kalmyks and the relatives - Kazakhs 
of the Younger zhuz. Each of the 
mentioned peoples tried to defend the 
lands, involuntarily assuming pressure 
of migrants, who in their turn suffered 
from a stronger opponent.
Charismatic character of the power 
of the first Kazakh Khans was capable 
to consolidate society, however, as 
soon as to political arena came Khans 
who didn’t have sufficient authority, 
the stability of the system was broken. 
The economic and political 
pressure of the Kazakh tribe of 
the Middle zhuz from the Russian 
authorities in Southern Siberia, in the 
territory of Priirtyshje, on the lands of 
Altai increased.
 Mass losses of cattle and pastures 
led to a considerable aggravation 
of economic crisis in the Senior and 
Middle zhuzes. Reduction of the 
subject territory and number of citizens 
weakened positions of Khans, hostility 
and contentions amplified. In a difficult 
economic and political situation there 
was a question of acceptance of the 
Russian citizenship. Further stages of 
political, economic and ethnocultural 
history of Kazakhs are connected with 
the time of colonization of the Kazakh 
lands by Russia.
MEMORY AND INDEPENDENCE
… The century purpose of our 
ancestors about creation of the eternal 
people, the eternal state receives new 
sounding in Nursultan Nazarbayev’s 
idea «Mangilik el» – the eternal state of 
Kazakhs. 
The destiny of today’s Kazakhstan 
can’t be presented without 
Nursultan Nazarbayev. Formation of 
independence and blossoming of 
the republic recognized by the whole 
world are connected with his name. 
In the book «In a History Stream» the 
Head of state writes that the history of 
the Kazakh people is written by hoofs 
of horses and in our history there is 
nothing of that kind that the present 
generation could be ashamed of. 
Our ancestors fought for survival, 
and we have to fight for becoming 
great people. L. Gumilev investigating 
history of Turkic peoples during the 
ill-fated totalitarian period brought 
new ideas in science, he expected 
that during crash of the Soviet empire 
a passional explosion will begin on 
open spaces of Eurasia. This will be the 
difficult and hard period. These years 
in Eurasia broke out conflicts which 
sometimes came to an end as ethnic 
fights.
In the time of troubles of changes 
Nursultan Nazarbayev who took the 
reins of government in hand headed 
a way of the people to independence. 
His firm hand laid the foundation of 
the independent state, good traditions 
are revived. The nation cheered up, the 
unity was established, the compatriots 
scattered by destiny all over the world 
began to come back to the historical 
homeland. President who proclaimed 
unity of the people let all Kazakhs 

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139
HISTORY OF FORMATION OF THE KAZAKH KHANATE
know: wherever they were, there is a 
Fatherland, which is ready to support 
and warmly accept them. 
Having refused the shattering 
weapon, having made a huge 
contribution to a preservation of peace 
and strengthening of safety on the 
planet, the Kazakhstan state became 
an island of stability and consent in 
Central Asia.
Nursultan Nazarbayev not only 
laid the foundation of a developed 
independent state, but also created a 
new capital – Astana – which turned 
into a beautiful city causing pride and 
admiration where meetings of leaders 
of world religions, heads of the states, 
cultural figures pass at the highest 
level . The reputation of the strong 
and influential leader who is surely 
conducting the country on the way 
of progress was consolidated to our 
President. He is distinguished from a 
group of capable and talented heads 
of the modern era with a rare gift of 
anticipation and ability to concentrate 
efforts on the most priority and 
important directions of the state activity. 
Nursultan Nazarbayev managed to 
pull out the country from total chaos 
and to remove it to ranks of the most 
successful states. He worked hard to 
change not only the state system, but 
also the mentality of the people which 
lost traditions of democracy and own 
statehood. He does not simply direct 
the country, he serves people and 
therefore deserved the title Leader of  
the Nation.
History prescribed Nursultan 
Nazarbayev to be the head of the state 
at the emergence of independence 
and to lift the native land on the level 
of modern states. The president of 
Kazakhstan believes in people, and 
therefore safely aims at the solution 
of the major tasks. And results prove 
it. We surely move to the important 
purpose – to enter top 30 of the most 
competitive countries.
The unity of Kazakhstan is a unity 
of our multinational people. Reflecting 
on the future of the country, our 
leader always emphasizes that it will 
be light, because Kazakhs are peaceful 
people. Nursultan Nazarbayev’s idea 
about «new eurasianism» promoted 
the increase of integrative, leading 
mission of Kazakhstan. In 1994 
Nursultan Abishevich in MSU sounded 
an initiative of creation of the Eurasian 
union of equal independent states. The 
head of Kazakhstan put forward not 
simply beautiful slogans, he showed a 
real embodiment of the idea which is 
based on old historical links. 
The Eurasian Economic Union, the 
idea of creation of which is Nursultan 
Nazarbayev’s, has been already 
incarnated in reality. This union has 
to rally our people and serve them for 
the good of political, economic and 
spiritual prosperity.
People trust the Leader of the 
nation and connect blossoming of 
the state with his name. Esteeming 
the ancestors, we surely go forward, 
deriving strength in freedom-loving 
spirit of Kazakh people tempered by 
centuries of fight for independence. 
On site materials 
550kazaKhan.kz prepared by 
Victoria HMELEVSKAYA

қараша | ноябрь | november № 11 (23)
140
Ruslan BEKETAYEV,
The Vice-Minister of Finance 
of the RK
The law systematizes a ro
le 
and tasks of inspection bodies, 
introduces mechanisms of 
personal responsibility of 

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