Монография посвящена истории дипломатии Казахского ханства
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| KLARA KHAFIZOVA
Steppe Rulers and Their Diplomacy in the XVIII-XIX Centuries In the history of the Kazakh Khanate’s diplomacy, there are several personalities whose biographies have most clearly reflected the time when they lived. Information about the lives of such figures helps to understand the diverse and complex system of international relations of the Kazakh Khanates freely stretched between the three centres of world power: the Russian and Qing Empires, and the Islamic world. In the XVIII- XIX centuries, the Islamic world was represented by the Kokand, Bukhara and Khiva khanates, and by Iran and Turkey. Different parts of Kazakhstan were drawn to one of them, depending on their geographic locations and the alignment of the political forces of that time. The destiny of historical figures reflects all interweaving events in the history of the khanates, their delegation of specific representative authorities, and then the ultimate loss of independence. However, this process lasted for a surprisingly long time, almost 200 years, despite the weakness of the Kazakh sovereignty of that period, its economic backwardness, military underdevelopment and the fragmentation of zhuzes, the tribal unions. Among these personalities, the majority were noble, “white bone”, representatives, which is quite natural, since the diplomacy of that time was the privilege of khans and sultans, their closest relatives. The exception is Tole bi Khan from the Senior Zhuz, who actually ruled the clans of the Senior Zhuz, covering himself up as one of Chingisids. In addition to the sultans, among ambassadors, we can see “black bone” batyrs and biys, but most of tehm also belonged to the Kazakh noble class through the kinship with the rulers whom they served. The names of other persons have been mentioned briefly due to the scarcity of materials. The descriptions of the historic figures are mainly associated with their diplomatic activities and the discharge of their embassy missions in Russia and China. The main personalities are the khans Abulmambet and Abylay, the sultan Abulfaiz and his descendants, the sultans Altynsary, Urus, Sart Yuchin, Kenessary, Xand some batyrs of the Qing Empire. |