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operative learning by working in-groups. For
grade 7, no scaffold is available. The teacher
does not stimulate exploration. Furthermore,
the lessons do not provide enough opportuni-
ties for articulation and reflection.
The first part of the revised lessons
stresses the importance of the prior knowledge
of the pupils by posing problems and discuss-
ing the solutions and by stimulating the pupils
to give additional examples. Modelling is rep-
resented in the lessons, either by the teacher or
by pupils. During modelling, the reading proc-
ess and the skills that are used in it are articu-
lated.
This provides pupils with insight in the
reading process of the teacher or fellow pupils.
The pupils practice with the new skills in pairs
or in-groups. Their workbooks stimulate an
active role of all group members. During this
group work, the pupils have several opportuni-
ties to articulate their reading process and re-
flect on it and on the process of fellow pupils.
Articulation and reflection also occurs
during the reflection stage, which is concluded
by a discussion of possible applications of the
new skill. Stimulating exploration is translated
into paying attention to possible applications
of the skills and posing problems in the intro-
ductory stage. Next we will summarize the
elements of the cognitive apprenticeship
model that were integrated in the teaching ma-
terials.
Elements of the cognitive apprentice-
ship model:
- activating prior knowledge/ problem
solving;
- teacher facilitates pupils activating
prior knowledge;
- teacher poses problems and coaches
problem-solving modeling;
- teacher model the use of skills;
- teacher stimulate pupils to model co-
operative learning;
- teacher coaches and fades guidance
during co-operative learning articulation and
reflection;
- teacher enables articulation during co-
operative learning, modelling and reflection;
- teacher offers opportunity for reflec-
tion in final stage of lesson applicability;
- teacher discusses applicability.
Each cognitive apprenticeship lesson
consists of three stages, the introduction, the
heart of the lesson, and the closing of the les-
son. The teachers start the introduction with
discussing the content of the previous lesson
with the pupils, because the content of the cur-
rent lesson is related to that of the previous
lesson. The previous lesson concerned the
skills pupils can use before they start reading.
The pupils learned to overview the text, and
make predictions about the content of the text.
The theme of the lesson was reading newspa-
pers, and the pupils learned to use short sum-
maries for making predictions about the con-
tent of a text.
Next, the teacher poses a problem
‘Imagine that you do not have enough time to
read the whole newspaper, but you want to
read a few articles about football, how can you
quickly select the right articles?’. After a dis-
cussion of solutions for this problem, teacher
and pupils discuss sections in newspapers and
what kind of articles fit in the different sec-
tions. Next, the teacher poses some additional
problems about the relation between sections
and the content of articles. Each problem illus-
trates the applicability of the learning goal.
After the discussion of these problems, the
teacher asks a pupil to model the skills he or
she uses before reading a text. The teacher
asks pupils to provide feedback on the mod-
elled use of skills and provides feedback him-
self. Next, he explains the exercises pupils
have to make in-groups. Working in-groups
provides the pupils with opportunities to ar-
ticulate their reading process and the use of
skills within this process.
Furthermore, it provides them with the
opportunity to compare their reading process
with the process of other pupils. Pupils have to
classify titles of articles in newspaper sections
and describe why they think the article be-
longs to that specific section. Furthermore,
they have to orient on a text and think up
questions on which they expect to find an an-
swer in the text. Fast pupils can make an extra
assignment, in which they have to formulate
titles of articles that fit in given newspaper
sections. The teacher coaches the pupils, while
they are working on the assignments.
The teacher closes the lesson properly
by discussing the content of the text, the exer-
cises and the use of the skills with the pupils.
He focuses on the process with questions such
as ‘How did the orientation on the titles and
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pictures and the division of these in sections
go?’, ‘Which titles were difficult to place in a
section? Why?’, ‘Could you answer all of the
questions you made before you started reading
the text? Why not? What can you do to get an
answer after all?’ Another important element
of this stage of the lesson is discussing the
benefits of using the learned skills and think-
ing up learning situations in which the skills
can be used too. The teacher concludes the
lesson with a discussion of the applicability of
orientation both inside and outside school.
Teachers can employ various methods
to help students see how ideas or concepts re-
late to one another and fit into a larger picture.
Understanding the relationships among con-
cepts helps students grasp them more quickly
and efficiently and develop well-structured
mental pictures about the content they are
learning. Many English language learners are
unable to see how the content presented from
lesson to lesson is connected. They may be
able to retain facts about social studies or sci-
ence, for example, but have difficulty per-
forming more demanding cognitive tasks such
as relating those facts to historical trends or
relating the study of the earth's surface to the
study of the moon and the solar system.
Schemas are interpretive frames that
help individuals make sense of information by
relating it to previous experiences. Providing
students with a graphic organizer - a visual
aid that displays the chunks of information to
be studied - gives them an interpretive frame
from which to approach the information. A
story map is one example of a graphic organ-
izer. A story map breaks down the compo-
nents of a story - characters, setting, and dia-
logue in a series of events or conflicts leading
to a resolution - into chunks of text that can
help students organize and comprehend the
events of the story. It also illustrates what the
students are responsible for learning. Use of a
story map repeatedly for the study of various
types of literature provides a schema for the
study of literature.
Graphic organizers can help teachers
clarify their instructional goals. Teachers can
ask themselves what they want their students
to learn and how they can display this infor-
mation graphically to help their students con-
nect ideas. For example, after studying various
geometric shapes in a math class, the teacher
might ask the students to create a concept map
showing the relationships among the different
shapes and to write the ways in which they are
related, moving from the general (e.g., they
are made with straight lines) to the more spe-
cific (e.g., they have parallel sides). Discus-
sions might take place as students clarify the
connections, clear up misconceptions, and
come to consensus on the structure of the map.
Research has shown that all students
can benefit from instruction in learning strate-
gies. Chamot and O'Malley's work with sec-
ond language learners reinforces the notion
that students who learn to consciously monitor
their own learning, and who have a storehouse
of strategies to use when learning becomes
difficult, fare better than students who do not
have such strategies. When teaching a learning
strategy, teachers should identify the strategy,
explain why it is useful, demonstrate its use,
give students practice in applying it to a learn-
ing situation, and show them how to evaluate
its effectiveness and what to do if it does not
work.
One reading strategy that can enhance
students’ understanding of texts is for them to
think about "under-the-surface" questions.
This type of question begins with words such
as why, how, should, and could and cannot be
answered by pointing to an obvious fact on a
page. For example, students in a literature
class who have read a chapter from John Rey-
nolds Gardiner's novel, Stone Fox, might be
asked first to respond to questions whose an-
swers can be found easily in the story, such as,
What kind of farm do the main characters live
on? Then the teacher might move to questions
that do not have an easy answer (e.g., Why is
Willie's grandfather not speaking? How do
you think Willie could help his grandfather?).
After modeling several under-the-surface
questions, the teacher can ask the students to
construct some of these questions themselves.
When teachers help students learn how
to learn, students may examine how they think
about a particular problem, think about what
they know about the problem before they learn
about it, think about how they are going to go
about accomplishing a task, make predictions
about how a lesson studied yesterday is con-
nected to a lesson being studied today, and
summarize what they have read when they
have finished a particular section in a text.
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Because academic and cognitive de-
mands increase with every grade level, the
need for continual improvement in students'
reading ability becomes especially urgent for
students struggling to achieve at the same lev-
els as their native-English-speaking peers.
Teachers can use a variety of strategies
to ensure that students are actively engaged in
reading. They can explicitly teach what good
readers do and give students opportunities to
interact with both teacher-selected and self-
selected texts. For example, in reciprocal
teaching teachers instruct students in four dis-
tinct reading strategies: questioning, predict-
ing, clarifying, and summarizing. A well-
designed unit might include practice in all four
reciprocal teaching strategies. For example,
students might practice predicting by creating
questions about a text based on reading the
first paragraph. They can learn how to summa-
rize by looking at a series of statements and
deciding which are necessary for the summary
and which can be omitted. The teacher can
model how to create questions about what is
happening in the text, how to hypothesize
what might happen next, how to ask for clari-
fication, and how to state the most important
ideas in what has just been read. When stu-
dents gain sufficient skill, they can work in
groups on selected portions of text and take
turns using the four strategies.
Teachers can also give students oppor-
tunities to respond to reading texts using a
number of teacher-designed tasks. These may
include reading logs, in which students copy
quotes from the text and then write their own
response; "first-response writes," in which
students read and then quickly write about the
ideas that came to them as they were reading;
or graphic logs, in which students write quotes
from the text and respond with a drawing or
symbol that corresponds to the quote.
Free voluntary reading and sustained si-
lent reading can build students’ vocabulary
and develop reading habits that extend beyond
the classroom . In a voluntary reading pro-
gram, English language learners have some-
thing they may not have at home: access to
books.
Teachers who want to implement a vol-
untary reading program can use a variety of
methods to heighten students' interest. They
can conduct research on what their students
would like to read by asking other teachers,
seeing what kinds of books students check out
on their own, or asking students themselves.
The idea is to get students to read so they will
want to read more.
It is best to make reading time extended
and consistent. For example, reading may take
place at the beginning of class every day for
15 minutes. Students may need to be taught
how to select an appropriate book. When
teachers see students struggling to maintain
focus on their reading, they should help them
select a book more appropriate to their reading
level or interest.
At the end of a unit, lesson, or theme,
teachers can plan tasks that move students
back to the text or content to reexamine, re-
connect, and rethink the major ideas or con-
cepts. Students have the chance to gain deeper
understanding of the content by representing
the text in new and different ways. At this
point, the classroom may be filled with post-
ers, drawings, and writings that students have
created after studying a particular piece of lit-
erature, historical era or figure, scientific con-
cept, or thematic unit incorporating several
subject areas. A good end-of-the-study task
builds on students' strengths by giving them
the chance to express themselves in a variety
of formats.
"Beyond-the-text" tasks force students
to go back to the text, reflect on its meaning,
clarify and question, and reread with a differ-
ent purpose in mind. One type of beyond-the-
text task has students transform a piece of
writing from one genre to another (e.g., re-
write a short story as a poem or play). Another
is an "open-mind" activity to help students
understand what a character is thinking or
feeling. In this activity, students draw or are
given a picture of an empty head. Inside the
head, they can draw pictures of what the char-
acter sees, write questions the character might
be wondering about, or write key words that
show the character’s feelings or ideas.
Cognitive aspect involves the develop-
ment of speech and intellectual activity of a
student. In this regard, the skills of perception
and processing of information given orally
also develop. The use of research skills is also
very important.
In cognitive teaching technologies the
variational component model of the educa-
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tional process is the use of so-called “visual
aids”: tables, posters, film and video, dia-
grams, presentations etc.; training facilities
(cinema, video projectors, whiteboards, com-
puters, etc.); sources of information in print
and electronic media (textbooks, anthologies,
dictionaries, encyclopedias, books, articles,
illustrations, Internet etc.)/
The main objective in presenting the in-
formation is to organize students' cognitive
activity that would ensure their understanding
of given information. Achieving this goal will
contribute to a definite structure of lesson ac-
tivities: input control, learning new informa-
tion; monitoring, diagnosis and correction, the
system of homework.
On the basis of the above-mentioned
theoretical information and practical experi-
ence we developed the system of tasks that is
based on the involvement and development of
cognitive and metacognitive skills. Below we
present the main cognitive strategies that can
be used in teaching foreign language using the
cognitive approach:
1. Functional planning. It involves a
step by step planning of activities for a par-
ticular task, including the reading tasks. The
tasks may have the following structure: Read
the text and highlight completely unfamiliar
words and combinations; use wavy line for
those which can be understood from the con-
text or if you know the root. Start working
with text not by searching for new words in
the dictionary, but by analysis of incompre-
hensible sentences. Read the text, mark para-
graphs that you understand with the sign “!”,
paragraphs that you are not sure understood
with the sign “!?” and where you did not un-
derstand at all – with the sign “??” [1, p. 384].
This system of signs helps students to monitor
the process of their knowledge and to plan the
further work.
2. Directed and selective attention. An
example is the detection of markers in the text.
Note that each piece has certain semantic
markers. Find these markers and briefly state
the semantic content of each fragment, restore
the logic of the text. Find markers following
logical relations between the fragments of the
text: a reference to the source of information;
illustrative information; reference to informa-
tion previously provided; Information that is
opposite the previously provided; backup in-
formation; the main and secondary informa-
tion [2 p. 14].
3. Self-monitoring. Working with text, a
student measures comprehension and adjusts
received information from the text. There are
certain tasks that should be done before and
after reading. They are aimed at self-
understanding: Read the paragraph and try to
make assumption about what will be discussed
in the next one; read the next paragraph, check
if your assumption was correct. Check
whether you have understood the text: read the
beginning of a sentence and choose from the
options the end of the sentence that matches
the content of the text [2, p. 16].
Problem identification. Tasks are aimed
at reducing difficulties that deal with under-
standing of topic, perception of a text's argu-
mentation and with the background knowl-
edge: Read the title of the text and remember
everything that you have ever read about it.
Read the text and among all given titles
choose the one that represents test’s ideas bet-
ter; explain your decision. Read the text and
find parts where, explicitly or implicitly, the
author’s attitude is expressed; try to rephrase
it. Highlight the sentences that reflect the au-
thor's attitude to the stated problem, comment
on it. Compare titles of scientific and literary
texts; tell what titles show greater amount of
information content and are connected with all
fragments of the text; explain why you think
so? Remember what you know about the his-
torical events occurring in the text; match
what you know about these events with the
information that you find in the encyclopedia,
what else you would like to learn about these
events [3 p. 383-395].
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Stevick W. Humanism in Language Teach-
ing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
– 84 p.
2. Brumfit C. English for international com-
munication.
Pergamon Press
, 1982. – 98 p.
3. Willis F. Model for Task-based Instruction.
- Oxford University Press, 1996. – 161 p.
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УДК 378 : 004
ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ОҚЫТУ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯСЫ АРҚЫЛЫ
ОҚУШЫЛАРҒА БІЛІМ БЕРУДІҢ ӘДІСТЕМЕСІ
Толеухан Л.
Мектепте, жоғарғы оқу орнында са-
палы оқу бағытын айқындайтын жаңа жол-
дардың бірі – пәндерді модульдік техно-
логия арқылы оқыту екендігі теориялық
және тәжірибелік жағынан дәлелденуде.
Бұл мәселені ғалымдар Дж. Рассель, П.
Юцявичене, Р. Бекирова, Г. Лаврентьева,
М. Жанпейісова, К. Жақсылықова, Е. Тұя-
қов, т.б. дәлелдеп келеді.
Модуль ұғымының этимологиялық
мәні білімді қолданысқа, меңгеруге ың-
ғайлы етіп жүйелеу, шоғырландыру, жи-
нақтау болып табылады. Білімді, яғни оқу
материалын дидактикалық мақсатқа сай әр
түрлі қалыпта (ақпарат блогі, пакет, түйін-
дер жүйесі, алгоритм, бағдарлама) ұсынуға
болады. Модульмен оқыту – толық немесе
жекелей түрде модульге негізделген оқыту.
Модуль – іс-әрекеттің мақсатты бағдарла-
масы белгілеген деңгейіне жету үшін сұ-
рыпталған, дидактикалық өңделген білім,
білік, дағдының белгілі бірлігі және оның
әдістемелік нұсқауы, яғни аяқталған оқу
ақпараты болып табылатын модульмен
оқытудың негізгі құралы.
Модульдік оқытудың құрамында ди-
дактикалық мақсаттардың таксономия-
сының жіктелуі деңгейіне қарай (кешенді,
кіріктірілген дербес) және түрі жағынан
(танымдылық және операциялық) жүйе-
леуді ұсынады.
Модульдің көптеген анықтамаларына
қарамастан, олардың барлығын үш түрлі
бағытта топтастырып, жүйелеуге болады:
Mодуль – біліктілік мінездемесінің
талаптарына жауап беріп, мамандық бой-
ынша оқу пәндерінің жиынтығын ұсына-
тын мемлекеттік білім беру стандарт бір-
лігінің үлгісі;
модуль – пәнаралық әдістемелік-ұй-
ымдастыру құрылымы болып, әр түрлі оқу
пәндерінің тақырыптық жиынтығы ретінде
бір мамандықты меңгеруді және оқу үр-
дісінде пәнаралық қатынасты қамтамасыз
етеді;
модуль – бір ғана оқу пәнінің шең-
беріндегі ұйымдастыру-әдістемелік құры-
лымының бірлігі.
Оқыту мазмұнын таңдап алғаннан
кейін сол мазмұнды жүйелеу мәселесі ту-
ындайды. Әсіресе, бұл оқу мазмұнын дер-
бес модульдерге жіктеудегі модульдік оқы-
туға байланысты.
Модульдік оқытудың дидактикалық
жүйесі басқа да дидактикалық жүйелер си-
яқты оқытудың мақсаттарына сай жалпы-
дидактикалық ұстанымдар мен негіздеріне
сүйеніп, оқу материалдарын құрылым-
дауды меңзейді. Даралық модульдердің
мазмұны оқыту мазмұнын құрылымдау ұс-
танымдарын сақтай отырып жасалады және
жинақы, әрі көрнекілік түрінде беріліп, ди-
дактикалық
материалдармен,
білгірлік
және қолданбалы міндеттермен қамта-
масыз етілуі керек.Модульдік оқытудың
кәсіби білім беру жүйесінде модульдік бағ-
дарламалардың операциялық түрі кәсіби
икемділікті қалыптастыруға бағытталған.
Мұғалімнің алдын ала жұмысы тө-
мендегідей әрекет – қадамдардан тұрады:
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