G.A. Rizakhojayeva, N.S. Ibadullayeva
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Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университетінің ХАБАРШЫСЫ.
Педагогика. Психология. Әлеуметтану сериясы
ISSN: 2616-6895, eISSN: 2663-2497
on the part of peers and a teacher as well as
learners’ self-evaluation and self-reflection done
after the task accomplishment is the final crucial
point to consider. The research findings show
that teachers demand from students a quick
independent strategy employment without more
collaboration, much scaffolding of especially poor
learners. So, from authors’ perspectives, teachers’
frequent guided practice couching makes sense.
The model of metacognition suggested by
Anderson enables learners to regulate their
multiple cognitive strategies [21]. Consequently,
it is worth to integrate metacognitive instruction
into cognitive strategy training under the
guidance of the instructor. The five components
of the model are illustrated in Table 2.
Results
The effect of cognitive and metacognitive
strategy instruction on reading comprehension.
Reading comprehension is an active receptive
and purposeful process attributing to a close
interaction of a reader with the text intentionally
through which meaning is constructed
[22]. It is also a dynamic complex cognitive
process involving construction of mental and
memory representations of meaning of the text
retained in memory which is further applied
to communication with people [23]. Bouchard
argues that reading comprehension strategies are
needed to be taught specially to English language
learners (ELL) because curriculum requires from
them to construct not only academic but also
subject content knowledge mainly consisted
of expository texts with contents, concepts,
technical vocabulary and text structures often
difficult to understand particularly for less
proficient learners. In addition, struggling EFL
learners suffer from cultural diversity in linguistic
background and insufficient prior knowledge
and often approach the text in a word-for-word
or sentence-by-sentence context. Kline claims
that, most learners read but do not remember
what they read, how to connect their prior
knowledge to the new text context and meaning
because of automatic decoding of word-sentence
relationships. The solution to this problem lies
in conducting specific instructions to develop
learners’ reading skills consciously by interacting
both decoding and comprehension components
of reading process [24].
Teaching single strategies
Dole’s review on research articles demonstrates
that employing single strategy instructions
such as story map, text structure, imagery,
self-questioning and summarizing influenced
learners’ academic performance favorably when
conducted separately as higher order cognitive
strategies.
Malekzadeh and Bayat’s quasi-experimental
design based on one month mind mapping
strategy training in integration with constructivist
theory model affected Iranian intermediate level
students’ reading comprehension performance
positively. Experimental group outperformed
control group in post-test results. Mind mapping
strategy training proved its effectiveness
and contributed to students’ generating new
schemata with the help of interconnecting their
prior knowledge with new information, getting
the main idea from reading topics, using question
generating strategy which was crucial for
students to discuss in debates when presenting
mind map models to groups [25].
Khansir and Dashti examined to what extent
question generation strategy trained over ten
weeks affect Iranian third grade high school
students’ reading comprehension achievement as
a single strategy. Post test results revealed that both
male and female students of experimental groups
outgained scores on reading comprehension
multiple choice tests in comparison with control
groups. And yet, females turned out to be more
proficient than males [26]. Another study of single
paraphrasing strategy instruction focused on
RAP strategy (read, ask yourself and paraphrase
the main idea and two details) in integration
with self-regulated strategy development (SRSD)
model was effective for intermediate struggling
learners to recall and retell the text for main idea
and detail and answer the questions correctly
[27].
The effectiveness of learners’ academic
performance basically depends on high-quality
and higher order strategy training. Three studies
The effect of cognitive and meta-cognitive strategy instruction on academic performance
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ВЕСТНИК Евразийского национального университета имени Л.Н. Гумилева.
Серия Педагогика. Психология. Социология
BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociology Series
were conducted by Leopol and Leutner with 47
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