G.A. Rizakhojayeva, N.S. Ibadullayeva
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№ 1(134)/2021
Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университетінің ХАБАРШЫСЫ.
Педагогика. Психология. Әлеуметтану сериясы
ISSN: 2616-6895, eISSN: 2663-2497
seeking main and supporting details in the text.
Hence, when teaching a single strategy, it is better
to coordinate it with corresponding strategies
as well over several lessons. This finding is
consistent with Malekzadeh and Bayat’s research
that coordinated mind mapping with activating
prior knowledge, question generating strategies
though a study focuses on a single strategy
investigation.
Teaching multiple strategies
After detailed analysis of 203 research studies
on text comprehension, National Reading Panel
(NRP) suggested multiple strategy instruction
as the most effective one to help learners to
combine sequences of 4-6 strategies during text
analysis. Other promising individual strategy
instructions include comprehension monitoring,
cooperative learning, graphic and semantic
organizers, story structure, question answering,
question generation and summarization [29].
Multiple strategies can be taught with a set of
cognitive (concept-oriented reading instruction
(CORI), reciprocal teaching) or metacognitive
(cognitive academic language learning approach
(CALLA)) strategies or integration of cognitive,
metacognitive, and social-affective strategies.
For example, a twelve-week empirical study
based on explicit metacognitive strategy
training using CALLA gave a positive effect
on Iranian undergraduate EFL students on
reading comprehension and self-efficacy. The
rigorous analysis of measurement instruments
comprising pre and posttests of Survey of
Reading Strategies (SORS) to measure university
students’ metacognitive knowledge, Motivated
Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) to
assess self-efficacy, semi-structured interviews,
background
questionnaire
and
reading
comprehension text showed that the experimental
group outperformed the control group on both
variables. The findings of the study are crucial
to measure self efficacy to motivate students to
believe about their capabilities in efficient task
accomplishments [30].
Eight-week study based on CALLA strategy
instruction and action research design improved
reading comprehension and metacognitive
strategy application of Turkish university students
studying French. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
data analysis revealed that 17 out of 18 students
got high scores on post reading comprehension
achievement test. Pre and post-test descriptive
statistical value of Reading Strategy Scale
questionnaire showed that students’ reading
strategies use increased after CALLA instruction,
strategies such as self-questioning, selective
attention, confirming predictions increased
while predicting, using references, note taking
decreased. Pre and post think aloud technique
data results indicated increase in using strategy
types after the training in which cognitive
strategies dominated metacognitive ones.
Further, students’ cognitive and metacognitive
strategies employment differed in strategy types:
before instruction students relied on strategies
related to linguistic and vocabulary structure,
whereas after the instruction they concentrated
on the organization of text structure, previewing,
relating background knowledge, titles, and
sections of the text which multiplied their higher
order comprehension strategy repertoire [31].
However, strategy instruction does not
always have positive effect on academic
performance. For example, an eight-week
quasi-experimental research based on CALLA
metacognitive strategy training was not effective
to measure lower-intermediate Chinese college
students’ metacognitive awareness and reading
comprehension performance due to the short
strategy trainings and students’ less motivation.
The author highlights the importance of
combining cognitive, metacognitive, and social-
affective strategies to avoid such negative result
[32]. Similarly, t-test results of research with
beginner level Saudi EFL male college students
revealed that there was no correlation between
students’ current metacognitive strategies
use and reading comprehension; there was
no relationship between readers’ motivation
and reading academic achievement but there
was positive correlation between learners’
metacognitive strategies use and reading
motivation. The author emphasizes that learners’
metacognitive awareness, good strategies use,
and high motivation do not guarantee enhanced
reading comprehension performance if they do
not acquire background and linguistic knowledge
duly [33].
The effect of cognitive and meta-cognitive strategy instruction on academic performance
135
№ 1(134)/2021
ВЕСТНИК Евразийского национального университета имени Л.Н. Гумилева.
Серия Педагогика. Психология. Социология
BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociology Series
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