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- PHILOLOGY WAYS OF RENDERING DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS IN ARMENIAN Sofy Sargsyan
- ECONOMICS THE MAIN APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF CREDIT BEHAVIOUR OF POTENTIAL CUSTOMERS OF THE BANK
- Svetlana Ilyna
References: 1.
.J.J. Jalolov, G.T. Makhkamova, Sh. S. Ashurov “English Language teaching methodology”, Tashkent, 2015 2.
Printed Sources Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy – 2nd Edition. New York: Longman. 3.
Журнал «Интернаука»
№ 2 (6), Часть 2, 2017 г. 57
PHILOLOGY WAYS OF RENDERING DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS IN ARMENIAN Sofy Sargsyan candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Armenia, Vanadzor Nelly Meliksetyan Vanadzor State University, Philological faculty, Bachelor, Armenia, Vanadzor Sargsyan Sona candidate of Philology, Armenia, Vanadzor
functions they perform in both languages. Disjunctive questions can be rendered into Armenian in a myriad of ways the characteristics of which have been studied in the following article. Keywords: disjunctive questions, rendering, reverse polarity, syntactic functions.
“Tag questions are syntactically, prosodically and semantically complicated” (Bennett, Holmes, Bublitz, Armagost as cited in Imad Al-Nabtiti ) [2, p. 1] in the English language inasmuch as the meanings they con- vey are rather diverse and only analyzing tag questions based on aforementioned aspects of language is it possi- ble to understand the meaning of a tag question. Louis Alexander propounds the idea that “tags are the essence of conversational style and are very important in spoken English.” [1, p. 258]. Hence, tag questions are consid- ered to be an integral part of spoken English whence comes the multifunctionality and diversity of meaning. A great deal of usage of tag questions is found in fiction. According to Nässlin, “historically they ap- peared primarily in fiction, replacing declarative ques- tions”.[5, p. 20]. There exists another function that tag questions possess in fiction with the help of which au- thors “signal that an activity is shared or participated in by both the speaker and the interlocutor (by turning to the interlocutor for agreement it is revealed that the in- terlocutor has or is expected to have knowledge about the proposition) [5, p. 20]. Tag questions can be rendered into Armenian in a myriad of ways with the help of particles, interjections, and clauses. The diversity and multifunctionlity of tag questions pervade in the Armenian language as well thus expressing various meanings and attitudes on the part of the speaker. Therefore, there cannot be a single counterpart but a wide range of equivalents of tag ques- tions. The following article aims at showcasing how dif- ferent types of tag questions are translated into Armeni- an and the syntactic functions they perform. Tag Questions can be rendered as «այնպես չէ՞» or «այդպես չէ՞». It’s important to note that the rule of reverse polarity is not usually reflected in Armenian. 1. “It's not a bad scene, is it?” (W. S. Maugham, “Theatre”, p. 19) - Վատ տեսարան չէր, այնպես չԷ՞: (Ս. Մոեմ «Թատրոն», Էջ. 32) 2. “You did meet Charles Strickland, didn’t you?” (W. S. Maugham, “The Moon and Sixpence, p. 23) - Դուք ծանոթ եք Չարլզ Ստրիքլենդին, այնպես չԷ՞: (Ս. Մոեմ « Լուսին
և
Վեցպենսանոց », էջ 33) In the translation of former disjunctive question a negative statement is followed by a negative tag which is not possible in English. When it comes to the latter, it is translated in a way so that the rule of reverse polarity is not broken. However, these Armenian counterparts of tag ques- tions are mainly used in formal conversations and in colloquial speech they are hardly encountered. With the help of interjections, certain words and clauses the psy- chological effects of tag questions will be achieved. For instance the use of “հա՞” or “չէ՞” substitutes for the tag question. The rule of reverse polarity does not work in this respect, that is to say, the English tag may be af- firmative but it may be translated as “չէ՞” and vice ver- sa. 3. “Well, you must be most starved, ain’t you?” (Mark Twain “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”, p. 54)
Դու այդպես սովամահ կարող էիր լինել, չէ՞: ( Մարկ
Տվեն
« Հեքլբերի
Ֆիննի
Արկածները », Էջ 271)
4. “He can’t get in, can he, Pa?” (William Saroyan “My Heart’s in the Highlands”, p. 39) - Նա չի կարող ներս մտնել, չէ՞, պա: (Վիլյամ Սարոյան «Իմ Սիրտը Լեռներում է», Էջ 58) Журнал «Интернаука»
№ 2 (6), Часть 2, 2017 г. 58
In the first sentence the negative tag “ain’t you” is translated as “չէ՞”, whereas in the second example the positive tag “can he” is translated as “չէ՞” as well. We can add that «չէ՞» mainly substitutes for such tags which follow declarative sentences and «հա՞» can also substitute for tags which are used after imperative sentences. The equivalents «հա՞» and «չէ՞» also ex- press request and demand. Tag questions can also be rendered as “ այո” which is used for confirmation. 5. “Come and tell me right away, will you?” (W.S.Maugham “Rain”,p. 26) - Եկեք ինձ միանգամիցասեք, հա՞: (Ս. Մոեմ «Անձրև», էջ 259) 6. “You talk like an Englishman, don’t you? (Mark Twain “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”, p. 142) - Դուք խոսում եք այնպես, կարծես անգլիացի լինեք, այո: ( Մարկ
Տվեն
« Հեքլբերի
Ֆիննի
Արկածները », Էջ 414) English tags can also be translated as «ճի՞շտ է» or «ճիշտ չէ՞». Again the use of «ճի՞շտ է» or «ճիշտ չէ՞» doesn’t necessarily depend on the polarity of the tag. 7. “She is so immeasurably superior to them, to eve- rybody on earth, is she not, Nelly?” (Emily Bronte “Wuthering Heights”, p. 46) «Քեթին անսահմանորեն շատ բարձր է նրանից, բարձր է աշխարհում բոլորից, ճիշտչէ՞, Նելլի»: (Էմիլի Բրենտե «Մոլեգին Հողմերի Դարավանդը», էջ 62) 8. “You’d expect some member of the Arian race to help you out a little, wouldn’t you, Mr. Kosak?” (William Saroyan “Eight Plays”, p. 26) Դուք հավանորեն կռահեցիք, թե արիական ցեղի որևէ ներկայացուցիչ անպայման կօգնի ձեզ, ճիշտ է՞, միստր Կոզակ: ( Վիլյամ Սարոյան «Պիեսներ» , Էջ 100) In the former example the negative tag “is she not” is translated as “ ճիշտ
չէ ՞” but in the latter example the negative tag “wouldn’t you” is translated as “ճիշտ է՞”. The modal words «մի ՞ թե», «հավանաբար» which express uncertainty may substitute for the Eng- lish tag, too. 9. “Some think old Finn done it himself!”. “No,- is that so? (Mark Twain “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”, p. 64) Որոշ
մարդիկ
կարծում
են
թե
ծերուկ
Ֆիննը
ինքն
է
արել
Ո՛չ
, մի ՞ թե : ( Մարկ
Տվեն
« Հեքլբերի
Ֆիննի
Արկածները », Էջ 414)
(Th. Dreiser “The Titan”, p. 287) « Դուք
հավանաբար ամռանը
երբե՞ք
չեք
գնում
մի
այդպիսի
խուլ
հյուսիսային անկյուն
, բազմանշանակալից հարցրեց
նա
և
ժպտաց
»:(Թ. Դրայզեր «Տիտանը», էջ 381) Abrahamyan states that «միթե», «չլինի», «չլինի թե» express unexpectedness and surprise. What’s more, in certain sentences «միթե» contains a negative force. [6, p. 73]. American novelist, playwright, poet, literary critic, and psychotherapist Paul Goodman once said that “To translate, one must have a style of his own, for other- wise the translation will have no rhythm or nuance, which come from the process of artistically thinking through and molding the sentences; they cannot be re- constituted by piecemeal imitation.” Hence, authors showcase their unique and individual style while trans- lating. For instance, the above mentioned disjunctive questions could be translated in another way by another translator. There exists another type of tag question called echo tags. Louis Alexander defines this type as “a re- sponse, in tag form, to an affirmative or negative state- ment by which we may or may not request further in- formation depending on the intonation we use”.[1, p. 259]. When it comes to rendering this tag form there are several ways of doing so. An echo tag can be translated as «իսկապե՞ս» which expresses interest in what has been said. 11. “It stopped raining.” “Has it?” (F. S. Fitzgerald “The Great Gatsby”, p. 70) – Անձրևը
դադարել
է
– Իսկապե՞ս
: ( Ֆ
Ս
Ֆիցգերալդ « Մեծն Գեթսբին
» , էջ 74) Echo tags can also be rendered as «միթե՞» or «իրո՞ք». 12 "Michael's going to America. "Is he?" (W. S. Maugham, “Theatre”, p. 27) - Մայլքը գնում է Ամերիկա: - Միթե՞: (Ս. Մոեմ «Թատրոն», էջ 43) 13. "No, I'm busy." "Oh, are you? Well, what about tomorrow?" (W. S. Maugham, “Theatre”, p. 107) - Ո՜չ, զբաղված եմ: - Ա՛հ, իրո՞ք: Իսկ ի՞նչ կասես վաղվա համար: ( Ս. Մոեմ «Թատրոն», էջ 163) In the final analysis, question tags can be rendered into Armenian in a myriad of ways with the help of par- ticles, interjections and clauses performing various syn- tactic functions and expressing different meanings and attitudes. The rule of reverse polarity is not usually re- flected in Armenian. When it comes to analyzing ways of rendering questions tags in Armenian the translator’s individual style should also be taken account of. References: 1.
Alexander, G. L. (1988). Longman English Grammar. New York: Longman publishing . 2.
Al-Nabtit I. (2012). The Syntax and Pragmatics of English Tag Questions: A Study of Adult Arabic Learners of English. Carleton University. Журнал «Интернаука»
№ 2 (6), Часть 2, 2017 г. 59
3.
Reese B. & Asher N. (n. d.) . Prosody and the Interpretation of Tag Questions. Universitat Pompeu Fabra. 448-462. 4.
Tottie, G., & Hoffman, S. (2006). Tag Questions in British and American English.Journal of English Linguis- tics, 34, 283-311. 5.
Vondrušová L. (2007) . Question Tags in Translation of Fiction.Masaryk University. 6.
Աբրահամյան Ս. (1958). Ժամանակակից Հայերենի Եղանակավորող Բառերը. Հայկական ՍՍՌ Գիտությունների Ակադեմիայի Տեղեկագիր.
Журнал «Интернаука»
№ 2 (6), Часть 2, 2017 г. 60
ECONOMICS THE MAIN APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF CREDIT BEHAVIOUR OF POTENTIAL CUSTOMERS OF THE BANK Lyudmila Zernova associate Professor, candidate of economic Sciences, Russian State University named after A. N. Kosygin, Russia, Moscow Svetlana Ilyna associate Professor, candidate of technical Sciences, Russian State University named after A. N. Kosygin, Russia, Moscow
Lending is one of the main banking services. The consumer lending plays an important role among the bank lending [1, p. 60]. Since 2000 the volumes of con- sumer crediting of Russia increase. Some reduction oc- curs only during the appearance of crisis situations in the economy, the existence of economic instability, the imposition of economic sanctions. In most sources of economic literature devoted to banking theory and practice, mainly discusses only the economic aspects that arise in the operation of commer- cial banks. At the same time, the functions of banks (for example, mediation function) manifest themselves in impact on certain social processes. The possibility of regulation of social processes lies in the historically conditioned ability and the ability of banks to influence the needs of society in the possession of money, provi- sion of banking calculations, accumulation of tempo- rarily free funds etc. But the activities of the bank are affected not only economic aspects, realized in the final financial result of activity, but also affect social pro- cesses [2]. From our point of view, the consideration of such processes must be associated with the formation of credit behavior [3, C. 136]. One of the main functions of consumer credit – the welfare of the population, the acquisition of new goods, services, the solution to urgent financial problems. Therefore, the actual credit behavior of the population is a condition for market expansion of credit services and operations in the banking segment. However, in the various literary sources had already suggested that cred- it human behavior can affect not only economic but also other factors (e.g. social, such as reference groups, so- cial networks, the opinions of others). Data from various statistical sources show that about 40% of the citizens in the country use consumer credits in 2003-2004. Among the remaining 60% of the population who did not use the credits in these years, 18% are people who would like to do it, but did not dare because of fear not to return the money on time or be- cause of distrust in banks and the banking sector. Cur- rently, consumers of credit resources are more than a third of Russians, according to forecasts of potential consumers of this service can become about 50% of the population. Allow use of consumer loans for the pur- chase of goods and services approximately 54% of the respondents; exclude it – 42% of Russians. 2/3 of the citizens who permit this, 68% had experience of taking out bank loans, while 32% are those who have not tried to enter into a credit relationship with the bank. Thus, the analysis showed that there is a fairly large propor- tion of people who are willing or at least not exclude the possibility to use credit to solve their financial prob- lems, but still for various reasons not applied to the bank. A portrait of a potential borrower of the bank in general has created, however, did not consider the study of borrower behavior. The authors describe such charac- teristics as age, gender, financial status, etc. However, for a more complete and systematic analysis of borrow- er behavior it is necessary to know not only the demo- graphic characteristics of the potential borrower, but also social characteristics: entourage, social networks, reference groups [4, p. 186]. To improve the practical work of banks in consum- er lending, it is necessary to create a description of a potential borrower, which may help banks to develop new credit programs tailored to the needs of these po- tential borrowers. Commercial banks, in our view, should more purposefully and effectively work with social networks, spreading the needed information about new credit products and their benefits. One of the elements of the portrait of a potential borrower is credit behavior. It is a subspecies of the financial behavior, which, in turn, also includes invest- ment, savings and debt behavior. Under the credit be- havior we mean activity of the potential borrower of the Bank, which is receiving funds in the form of consumer credit in bank on conditions of maturity, repayment and payment. Based on the analysis of various literary sources it is possible to identify six types of credit behavior: strong borrowers, forced borrowers, indifferent borrow- ers, potential borrowers, anti – borrowers and problem- atic borrowers [5, p. 283]. Strong borrowers are those people who already have experience in credit behavior, they repeatedly took a variety of consumer loans at banks, had no problems with the banks, promptly return the amount of the prin- cipal debt and interest thereon and have a positive atti- tude toward the procedure of lending. Forced borrowers are those who have the negative experience of lending processes and the relationship with the bank. However, this type of borrowers will always exist, as a loan for them would be forced to act,
Журнал «Интернаука»
№ 2 (6), Часть 2, 2017 г. 61
the influence of negative life circumstances or financial difficulties. Indifferent borrowers include persons with little ex- perience in lending (who addressed to the bank only once) and a neutral attitude towards the credit. This kind of borrowers occurs more rarely in banking practice, but also has the right to exist: perhaps the decision about getting a loan and applying to the bank were not re- ceived by the borrower but the members of his family, so clearly expressed positive or negative attitudes to credit behavior had not been formed. Potential borrowers have positive attitude to credit behavior, but do not have credit experience. They are called the potential borrowers because under certain conditions, in the future they can become potential bor- rowers and customers of the commercial bank. Anti – borrower is a person with a negative attitude towards the loan on the basis of the impact of media, social networks, but do not have credit experience. This species, as well as "strong borrowers" seems to be the most numerous. The problematic borrowers are closed by their cred- it behavior to anti – borrowers, but unlike them, also not having credit experience, they do not have negative atti- tudes towards loans and commercial banks. Credit behavior of borrowers is often in practice as- sociated with the social network. By social network we mean the system of relations and relationships of people with their immediate environment: family, relatives, friends, acquaintances and work colleagues, etc. Members of the network have the following charac- teristics:
ly, relatives, friends; colleagues);
the presence among friends or relatives the per- sons working in commercial banks, who can tell about credit products and credit services (so-called "credit experts");
members to loan and credit services of the bank, name- ly: family members, relatives; friends; colleagues;
experience of the members of the network (the experi- ence can be both positive and negative)
and service specific to banks with members of the net- work.
Thus, the members of the social network can per- form an important task in the formation of borrower behavior, so, to be disseminators of information on credit products and credit services. In this case a par- ticular person constantly receives through the social network using members of the network necessary credit information. Consequently, the man under the influence of this information in real life situations can carry out the active credit behavior. The more often a particular person enters into communion with those members of the network who have credit experience, and the more he receives from these individuals information, more than he trusts the members of the network, the more he manifests his credit behavior. Therefore, this person will carry the same credit behavior like other members of the social network. Then the individuals, the members of which social network do not carry out credit behavior are more likely to be inclined not to use lending practices, and conversely, individuals whose social network members carry out active credit behavior will also be prone to it. Thus, the analysis of credit behavior of prospective borrowers of the Bank showed that it is directly linked with the social network surrounding the present borrower. We present six types of credit behavior which al- lows draw concrete conclusions about their actions in the relationship with a commercial bank.
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