Курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов факультетов иностранных языков



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Lectures.on.Le icology1

Types of dictionaries 
The term dictionary is used to denote a book listing words of a language with 
their meanings and often with data regarding pronunciation, usage and/or origin. 
There are also dictionaries that concentrate their attention upon only one of these 
aspects: pronouncing (phonetical) dictionaries (by Daniel Jones) and etymological 
dictionaries (by Walter Skeat, by Erik Partridge, The Oxford English Dictionary). 
For dictionaries in which the words and their definitions belong to the same 
language the term unilingual or explanatory is used, whereas bilingual or translation 
dictionaries are those that explain words by giving their equivalents in another 
language. 
Unilingual dictionaries are further subdivided with regard to the time. 
Diachronic dictionaries, of which The Oxford English Dictionary is the main 
example, reflect the development of the English vocabulary by recording the history 
of form and meaning for every word registered. They may be contrasted to synchronic 
or descriptive dictionaries of current English concerned with present meaning and 
usage of words. 
Both bilingual and unilingual dictionaries can be general and special. General 
dictionaries represent the vocabulary as a whole. The group includes the thirteen 
volumes of The Oxford English Dictionary alongside with any miniature pocket 
dictionary. Some general dictionaries may have very specific aims and still be 
considered general due to their coverage. They include, for instance, frequency 


dictionaries, i.e. lists of words, each of which is followed by a record of its frequency 
of occurrence in one or several sets of reading matter. A rhyming dictionary is also a 
general dictionary, though arranged in inverse order, and so is a thesaurus in spite of 
its unusual arrangement. General dictionaries are contrasted to special dictionaries 
whose stated aim is to cover only a certain specific part of the vocabulary. 
Special dictionaries may be further subdivided depending on whether the words 
are chosen according to the sphere of human activity in which they are used (technical 
dictionaries), the type of the units themselves (e. g. phraseological dictionaries) or the 
relationships existing between them (e.g. dictionaries of synonyms). 
The first subgroup embraces specialised dictionaries which register and explain 
technical terms for various branches of knowledge, art and trade: linguistic, medical, 
technical, economical terms, etc. Unilingual books of this type giving definitions of 
terms are called glossaries. 
The second subgroup deals with specific language units, i.e. with phraseology, 
abbreviations, neologisms, borrowings, surnames, toponyms, proverbs and sayings, 
etc. 
The third subgroup contains synonymic dictionaries. Dictionaries recording the 
complete vocabulary of some author are called poncordances. They should be 
distinguished from those that deal only with difficult words, i.e. glossaries. To this 
group are also referred dialect dictionaries and dictionaries of Americanisms.


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