Elevation (or amelioration). The semantic change in the word which rises it
from humble beginning to a position of greater importance, e.g.
minister in earlier
times meant merely "a servant".
Degradation (or_degeri.eration). The semantic change, by which, for one
reason or another, a word falls into disrepute, or acquires some derogatory emotive
charge, e.g.
silly originally meant "happy".
The change in the denotational component brings about the extension or the
restriction of meaning. The change in the connotational component may result in the
degradation - pejorative or ameliorative development of meaning.
Metaphor. The transfer of name based on the association of similarity. It is the
application of a name or a descriptive term to an object to which it is not literally
applicable, e.g.
head of an army, eye of a needle.
Metonymy. The transfer of name based on the association of contiguity. It is a
universal device in which the name of one thing is changed for that of another, to
which it is related by association of ideas, as having close relationship to one another,
e.g.
the chair may mean "the chairman",
the bar -"the lawyers".
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