Курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов факультетов иностранных языков

immense number of words including earth, air, mountains, сonvictions, beliefs, 
spears, walls, souls, tablecloths, bosoms, carpets etc.) while another will have the 
limitation inherent in its semantic structure (like wag which means < to shake a thing 
by one end >, and confined to rigid group of nouns - tail, finger, head, tongue, beard, 
chin). There is certain norm of lexical valency for each word and any intentional 
departure from this norm is qualified as a stylistic device, e.g.: tons of words, a life 
ago, years of dust. 
Words traditionally collocated in speech tend to make up so called cliches or 
traditional word combinations. In traditional combinations words retain their full 
semantic independence although they are limited in their combinative power (e.g.: to 
wage a war, to render a service, to make friends). Words in traditional combinations 
are combined according to the patterns of grammatical structure of the given 
language. Traditional combinations fall into structural types as: 
1.V+N combinations. E.G.: deal a blow, bear a grudge, take a fancy etc 
2.V+ preposition +N: fall into disgrace, go into details, go into particular, take into 
account, come into being etc. 
3. V + Adj.: work hard, rain heavily etc. 
4. V + Adj.: set free, make sure, put right etc. 
5. Adj. + N.: maiden voyage, ready money, dead silence, feline eyes, aquiline nose, 
auspicious circumstances etc. 
6. N + V: time passes / flies / elapses, options differ, tastes vary etc. 
7. N + preposition + N: breach of promise, flow of words, flash of hope, flood of tears. 
Grammatical combinability also tells upon the freedom of bringing words 
together. The aptness of a word to appear in specific grammatical (syntactic) 
structures is termed grammatical valency. 
The grammatical valency of words may be different. The range of it is 
delimited by the part of speech the word belongs to. This statement, though, does not 
entitle to say that grammatical valency of words belonging to the same part of speech 
is identical. E.g.: the two synonyms clever and intelligent are said to posses different 

grammatical valency as the word clever can fit the syntactic pattern of Adj. + 
preposition at + N clever at physics, clever at social sciences, whereas the word 
intelligent can never be found in exactly the same syntactic pattern. 
Unlike frequent departures from the norms of lexical valency, departures from 
the grammatical valency norms are not admissible unless a speaker purposefully 
wants to make the word group unintelligible to native speakers. Thus, the main 
approaches towards word - groups classification are as follows:
1. According to the criterion of distribution word-groups are classified into: 
endocentric e.g. having one central member functionally equivalent to the whole word 
group; exocentric e.g. having the distribution different from that of either of its 
members. Here component words are met syntactically substituable for the whole 
word group. E.g.: red flower - the word group whose distribution does not differ from 
the distribution of its head word, the noun flower. As in I gave her a red flower. I 
gave her a flower; E.g.: Side by side, by leaps and bounds. 
2. According to the syntactic pattern word-groups are classified into: predicative They 
knew; Children believe; Weather permitting; coordinative say or die; come and go; 
subordinative a man of property, domesticated animals. 
3. According to the part of speech the head word belongs to subordinative free word 
groups may fail into: nominal stone, wall, wild, life, adjectival necessary to know, 
kind to people, verbal work hard, go smoothly, adverbial very fluently, rather sharply, 
very well, so quickly. numerical five of them, hundreds of refugees; pronominal some 
of them, all of us, nothing to do; statival: fast ,asleep, full, aware. 
 
Word-groups may be also analyzed from the point of view of their motivation. 
Word groups may be described as lexically motivated if the combined lexical 
meaning of the group is deducible from the meaning of its components. The degrees 
of motivation may be different and range from complete motivation to lack of it. Free 
word - groups, however, are characterised by complete motivation, as their 
components carry their individual lexical meanings. 

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