of the extra-nuclear clcctrons was restricted to an indication that their
number must equal the atomic number of the element, and to a mention of
the fact that they form a relatively open structure about the ccntral nucleus.
The question of their arrangement must now be discussed in detail, and in
this conncction valuable information has been obtained from an
examination of both optical and X-ray spcctra, the
former term being used
to describe spcctra in the ultraviolet, visible and infra-red regions.
When a solid is heated to incandcsccncc, it emits a more or less
continuous spcctrum, but gases and vapours under the same conditions,
when examined spectroscopically, show a scries often very complicated,
of distinct lines or bands occupying definite positions, that is, with definite
wave lengths. The more information conccming the composition o f
various spcctra was obtained, the clcarcr it bccamc that the line spcctra
arc produced by atoms and so arc not unfrcqucntly referred to as atomic
spcctra, whereas the so-called band spcctra, which can, in fact, often be
resolved into large number of closely spaced lines, arc obtained from
molcculcs.
A line spcctrum is the one formed when radiation from an incandcsccnt
gas is passed through a slit and then dispersed. The lines arc produced by
energy changes when clcctrons pass from high energy
quantum levels to
low energy quantum levels. The clcctrons arc cxcitcd from low to high
levels by the input of energy into the gas — usually in a discharge tube
under a high voltage.
In a molccular spcctrum, a scries of fairly broad bands is formed. These
bands arc sharp at one edge but dying away on the other. They arise from
the complex energy changes possible in a molcculc. Under high resolution,
the band is shown to be made up of many lines sharper and clcarcr together
at the head of the band but more diffuse away from the head of the band. It
seems not at all unlikely that the more complcx the molcculc, the more
complicated the spcctrum is.
It is from atomic spcctra in particular that information conccming the
cxtra-nuclcar clcctrons has been obtained.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
band, complicated, concerning, on/under condition, conncction, in
conncction with, diffusion, disperse, edge, emit, examination, cxcite, extra, in
fact, the fact that, head, incandcsccnt, infrared, investigate, length, most likely,
not likely, nuclear, optical, in particular, pass, radiation, radiate, slit, spectroscopy,
the... the..., unlikely, voltage
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
a profound investigation, restrict consideration to, mention the fact, in
this conncction, examine a spcctrum, heat to incandesccncc, examine
spectroscopically, a distinct line,
resolve into a number of lines, pass from
one level to another, cxcitc clcctrons, by the input of energy, in a discharge
8 Степаном
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tube, a scries of bands, arise from energy changes,
under high resolution,
information conccming extra-nuclear electrons
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
равняться атомному номеру элемента, относительно открытая
структура, расположение электронов, оптический спсктр, в инфра
красной области, испускать непрерывный спсктр, при тех же услови
ях, занимать определенные положения, длина волны, получать ин
формацию, линейный спсктр, близко расположенные друг к другу
линии, раскаленный газ, пропускать через щель, высокое напряже
ние, на
одном конце, в частности
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with articles where ncccssary.
1
more is known about... spcctra,... more questions arise. 2. When
... solid is heated to ... incandcsccncc, it emits ... spectrum. 3. ... line
spcctra arc produced b y ... atoms. 4 .... electrons arc excited in ... discharge
tube under... high voltage. S
information conccming... extra-nuclear
electrons has been obtained particularly from ... atomic spcctra.
Ex. 8. Give synonyms for the following:
examination, be limited to, question, important, evolve, a number of,
dear, actually, get, give, likely, complcx
Ex. 9. Give antonyms for the following:
disappear, rcccntly, closed, different, indefinite, small, low, simple
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1.
It is not unusual to consider elements from the point of view of their
properties. 2. Not unfrcqucntly water itself acts as a catalyst in many
reactions. 3. The higher the temperature, the greater is the viscosity of
gases. 4. The greater the number of carbon atoms
in a given structure, the
more ways there arc for arranging them. 5. The smaller the chargcs carried
by the ions of a crystal and the larger the ionic radii, the weaker the forces
that bind the ions to one another within the crystal, and the more readily
the crystal structure is broken down. 6. It is not improbable that the results
of their work will be similar to ours. 7. Vaporization proceeds faster, the
higher is the temperature, pressure being constant. 8 .1Ъс results will be in
closer agreement, the more strictly the instruction is followed. 9. The
accuracy of weighing is not inconsiderably influenced by the sensitivity
o f the balance used. 10. Under these conditions concentration is higher,
the higher the temperature. 11. The harder you study, the better you master
the subject. 12. The reaction is more efficient, the purer the chemicals.
13. The smaller the number of the element, the lighter it is. 14. The greater
the quantity of heat possessed by the body, the greater is its hotness. 1 5. The
earlier the history of chcmistry, the more striking it is. 16. Not unfrcqucntly
the word has several meanings, c. g., the word “theory". 17. It seemed not
226
improbable that some elements occur as a mixture of isotopes in nature.
18. It is not at all unlikely that new elements will be discovered. 19. The
properties of the element are not inconsiderably influenced by their atomic
number. 20. The atomic weights of elements are not uncommonly revised
after thorough studies in laboratories.
Ex. 11. Translate the scntcnccs into English without using a dictionary.
1. Существует множество
методов изучения структуры атомов и
молекул. 2. Ценную информацию в этой связи можно получить из
исследования спектров. 3. Ученые различают спектры атомов и мо
лекул. 4. Атомы дают линейные спектры. 5. Молекулярные спектры
называют полосатыми.
Ex. 12. Answer the following questions:
1. What information can one obtain from an examination o f spcctra?
2. What kinds o f spcctra arc known? 3. When docs a solid emit a
spcctrum? 4. Under what condition docs a gas emit a spcctrum? 5. What
spcctrum is callcd linear? 6. What is the difference between linear and
band spcctra?
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