part of the work is the most difficult
one. 10. They parted in 1985 when she went to Moscow. 11. In crystals
the atoms arc in a regular order. 12. The director ordered him to come at
once. 13. Wc measure weight by grams, kilograms, tons, etc. 14. A kilogram
is a weight measure.
Text 1 A
Hypotheses, Theories and Laws
When wc find that an idea explains or correlates a number o f facts, wc
call this idea a hypothesis. Wc can subjcct it to further tests and to
experimental chccking of deductions. If the hypothesis continues to agree
with the results o f experiment, wc call it a theory or a law.
A theory, such as the atomic theory, usually involves some idea about
the nature of some part o f the Universe, a law represents a summarizing
statement about observed experimental facts. For example, there is a law
of the constancy of the angles between the faces of crystals. The law states
that whenever wc measure the angles between corresponding faces o f
5
various crystals of a pure substancc, they will have the same value. It docs
not explain the fact. Wc find an explanation of the fact in the atomic theory
of crystals, the theory that in crystals the atoms arc in a regular order.
Chemists and other scientists use the word “theory” in two different
senses. The first meaning of the word is the meaning described above —
namely, a hypothesis that has been verified. The second use of the word
“theory" is to represent a systematic body of knowledge, compounded of
facts, laws, theories, deductive arguments and so on.
Thus, by the atomic theory wc mean not only the idea that substances
consist of atoms, but also all the facts about substanccs that can be explained
and interpreted in terms o f atoms and the arguments that explain the
properties of substanccs in terms of their atomic structure.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
also, angle, atom, atomic, body, check, consist of, correspond, crystal,
example, for example, experiment, fact, further, hypothesis (hypotheses), idea,
involve, in terms of, law, measure, namely, not only... but, observe, order,
represent, result, same, state, statement, subject, such, test, theory, thus, universe,
usually, various, verify, whenever
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
find, a number o f facts, idea, subjcct to, experimental checking, agree
with smth. (smb.), such as, the atomic theory, usually, involve, law,
represent, for example, the faces of crystals, state, whenever, a pure
substancc, the same value, explain, in a regular order, in a sense, the
meaning o f the word, above, namely, verify a hypothesis, a body of
knowledge, and so on, thus, not only... but, in terms of
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
объяснить факт, ряд экспериментов, подвергуть гипотезу про
верке, экспериментальное подтверждение, согласовываться с резуль
татами, называть законом, атомная теория, такой как, обычно, вклю
чать в себя, вселенная, утверждение, например, угол между гранями
кристалла, измерять, различные вещества, то же самое значение,
описанный выше, и так далее, таким образом, не только... но и, с
точки зрения
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where ncccssary.
o f to, with, for, in, by, in terms o f
I. If an idea explains or correlates a number ... facts, wc call it a
hypothesis.
2
. Scientists subject the idea ... experimental checking. 3. If
the hypothesis agrees ... the results ... experiment, wc call i t ... a theory
or ... a law. 4. ... example, everybody knows the periodic law. 5. The
explanation... the fact i s ... the atomic theory.
6
crystals the atoms arc
6
... a regular order. 7
the atomic thcoiy wc mean that substanccs consist
... atoms. 8. Scientists explain facts ... atoms and their structure.
Ex. 9. Practise the numerals.
a)
1
,
2
,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,
8
, 9 ,
10
,
11
,
12
,
100
,
1,000
b) Суффикс -teen образует числительные от 13 до 19,
всегда
ударный.
Иногда при добавлении суффикса происходят изменения основы слова.
Model: 14 — fourteen
Исключения: 13 — thirteen
15 — fifteen
13,14,15,16,17,18, 19
c) Суффикс-о* служит для образования десятков, неударный.
Model: 60 — sixty
Исключения: 20 — /wenty
30 — thirty
40 — forty
50 — fifty
2 0,30,4 0 ,5 0 ,6 0 ,7 0 ,8 0 ,9 0
d) Сложные числительные.
Model: 21 — twenty-one
2432 — two thousand four hundred and thiity-two
23,46 ,3 4 ,2 7 ,9 3 ,6 2 , 87,55,71,953,281,450,374,799,543, 827,
665,1946,5812,2432,7250,1240,9824,7561
с) Суффикс -th служит для образования порядковых числительных.
Model: four — fourth
Исключения: I -й — first
2
-fi — sccond
3-й — third
5-Й — fifth
5-H, 6-й, 7-й, 8-й, 9-й, 10-й; 56-й, 73-и, 89-й, 94-й, 25-й, 63-й; 914-й,
852-й, 263-й, 427-й, 791-й; 2406-й, 1433-й, 5813-й, 4743-й, 3585-й
0 Числительные, обозначающие даты.
Model', до 2000-го года: 1946 — nineteen forty-six; 2000-й год: two thou
sand; после 2001-го года: 2004 — two thousand and four
1945,1917,1812,1799,1242,1961,1957,1825,2001,2003,2005
Ex. 10. a) Read the following forms of the verbs; mind different ways of
reading -s and -ed.
explains, correlates, continues, calls, involves, states, uses, verifies,
means; called, subjected, checked, involved, represented, observed,
corresponded, used, described, consisted
b) Give the three forms of the following verbs:
be, have, find, do, mean, give
с) Translate the sentences into Russian.
I. A theory usually involves some idea about the nature of some part of
the Universe. 2. The periodic law represents a summarizing statement about
the properties o f elements. 3. The scientists verified die hypothesis and it
became a theory. 4. A law will not explain the fact, it only states the fact.
5. Early scientists would use the word “theory” in two different senses, now
wc do the same.
6
. A hypothesis usually explains or correlates a number of
facts. 7. Now wc arc speaking about hypotheses, theories and laws.
8
. The
atomic theory explains and interprets the facts in terms of atoms. 9. A good
theory will live a long life. 10. Will you tell us what you know about a
hypothesis? 11. What do wc call a law? 12. Early scientists did not think of
atoms. 13. Now the atomic theory is more popular than it used to be.
14. Before the nineteenth century chcmists would not think about families
of elements. 1 5. The periodic law docs help chcmists in their work. 16. Have
you translated the sentences about the atomic theory? 17. By the atomic
theory of crystals the atoms in them will be in a regular order.
Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Закон — это такое утверждение, которое суммирует наблюдае
мые экспериментальные факты. 2. Теория даст экспериментально под
твержденное объяснение фактов. 3. Вы поняли, что такое гипотеза?—
Да, это идея, которая объясняет или сопоставляет ряд фактов. 4. Когда
эксперименты действительно подтверждают какую-то гипотезу, мы
обычно называем сс теорией. 5. Ученые знают много гипотез, которые
стали теориями или законами, б' Химики широко пользуются атомной
теорией. 7. Древние ученые думали о структуре веществ.
8
. Мы объяс
няем свойства веществ с точки зрения их атомной структуры.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the sentences.
1. Chemists use the word theory in two different senses (3)*.
2
. Wc
usually subject a hypothesis to further tests (2). 3. Every science lias its
laws (
2
).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. What is a hypothesis? 2. Do you know what a law is? 3. Do you
know any laws? 4. What is a theory? 5. What theories do chcmists use in
their work?
6
. What do wc mean by the atomic theory? 7. When did you
hear about the atomic theory for the first time?
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