Lesson 16
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции подле
жащего.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) molecule ['-molikju:!], peculiar [pi'kjurlio], rearrangement [,п:э‘гет-
d3mont], neutral ['nju:trolj, other [*лдэ], exemplify [ig'zasmphfai], chlorine
[*kb:ri:n], compound ['kompaond], existence [ig'ztstsns], exhibit [ig'zibit], sample
[sa:mpl], diatomic [.daio'tomik]
b) thc^'modcmNchcmist, the^‘smallest\particle, intoj^'chemicalj«\action,
thcu'other\elemcnts, in^'which^'thcyNbcar, ofu thcir^,'own\kind, by^the^'water
Nmolccule, are^of imSportancc
\
c) 'Chemical 'unions | are of 'two 'gencralNtypcs.
Ex. 2. Pay attention to the structure of the following words. Translate
them into Russian.
a) reread, rewrite, reappear, recombine, replace, reproduce, redistribute,
rearrange, remake
b) colour, neighbour, behaviour, favour, vapour
c) friendship, leadership, relationship, hardship, professorship
Ex. 3. Define the meanings of the word kind in the following sentences:
Д. I’m sure, the professor will help you, he is very kind. 2. What kind
o f substance is it? 3. Compound molecules arc composed of two or more
kinds o f atoms. 4. What kind of man is he? 5. Be so kind as to shut the
door. 6. There arc different kinds of animals on the earth. 7. Everybody
knows that your mother is very kind. 8 . 1 don’t like stories o f this kind.
9.1 hear he is good at mathematics.— Nothing of the kind, he always asks
to help him with the problems.
I l l
1. To the modem chemist, the atom is the smallest particle of an element
that can enter into a chcmical reaction. 2. To think of a molcculc is to
think of the atoms which it contains and their proportion. 3. In compounds,
molecules of two or more kinds of atoms bccomc bonded together. 4. For
the reaction to start, two conditions must be met.
Text 16 A
M olecules
To the modem chcmist, the atom is the smallest particle of an element
that can enter into a chcmical reaction. Thus, cach element has atoms that
arc peculiar to itself and different from those of cach of the other elements.
Chcmical reactions occur when atoms of different kinds unite to form
groups in which they bear definite relationships to cach other or when
these groups undergo disruption or rearrangement. Chcmical unions arc
of two general types.
In one type of union, atoms bccomc bonded together to form definite
aggregates that exist as independent, electrically neutral particles and
arc known as molecules (Latin “little mass”). Some elements have atoms
that unite with others o f their own kind to form molecules. These arc
known as elemental molecules and arc exemplified by the chlorinc
molcculc which is made up of two chlorinc atoms. Compound molcculcs
arc composed of two or more kinds o f atoms and arc exemplified by
the water molcculc, which contains two atoms of hydrogen and one of
oxygen.
To give a short definition of a molcculc is not to give a more or less
full account of properties.
Molcculcs arc regarded as the smallest particles or elementary
substanccs that can have independent existence. They account for the
chcmical properties and at least some of the physical properties of the
substancc they constitute. A single molcculc docs not exhibit in full the
physical properties commonly associated with its particular variety of
matter. These properties arise both within the molcculc itself and within
the aggregates of like molcculcs that constitute a sample of the given
substancc. The density of water depends not only on the mass and volume
of indivilual molcculcs but also on the manner in which the molcculcs arc
packed together. Sincc the chcmist works with the aggregates, their
properties arc o f great practical importance.
A molcculc of a compound contains, of necessity, at least two di ffcrent
atoms. An element molcculc may contain only one atom, or it may contain
two or more. Helium has monoatomic molcculcs; chlorinc and hydrogen
cach exist as diatomic molcculcs; and sulphur molcculcs contain eight
atoms. During reactions the atoms of elemental molcculcs usually arc
separated and individually redistributed in new combinations.
Ex. 4. Find the predicate and the subject in the following sentences:
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Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
arise, be made up of, be of importance, both... and, commonly, constitute,
definition, density, depend (on), distribute, cach other, helium, independent, at
least, manner, more, neutral, pack, particular, rearrangement, relationship,
sample, those, type, union, within
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
enter into a chcmical reaction, be different from cach other, occur,
definite relationships, undergo rearrangement, chcmical unions, bccomc
bonded together, form definite aggregates, be exemplified by, give a full
account of, account for chcmical properties, a single molcculc, exhibit a
property, arise within the molcculc itself, density, depend on the mass,
pack the molcculcs together, be o f great practical importance, contain
two or more atoms, exist as diatomic molcculcs
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
каждый элемент, вступать в химическую реакцию, отличаться
от, электрически нейтральный, молекула хлора, состоять из, слож
ная молекула, молекула соединения, состоять из нескольких видов
атомов, молекула воды, краткое определение, более или мснсс пол
ный, по крайней мере, некоторые из свойств, отдельная молекула,
в самой молекуле, образец данного вещества, плотность (удельный
вес) вещества, зависеть от, иметь практическое значение, одноатом
ная молекула
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
1. The smallest particle of an clement that can enter ... a chcmical
reaction is an atom. 2. The lecture has already begun, don’t enter ... the
classroom, please. 3. Elements differ... cach other. 4. Atoms ... different
kinds can unite and form a molcculc ... a compound. 5. Elemental
molcculcs arc composed ... the atoms ... the same kind. 6. Chlorinc
molcculc is m ade... two chlorinc atoms. 7. This definition docs not give
a full account... the properties of a molcculc. 8. The density... a substancc
can be easily calculated, it depends ... its mass and volume.
Ex. 8. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to different
functions of since.
1. Wc call the atomic hypothesis a theory, since it has been verified
by further discoveries. 2. Bohr’s atomic theory has been known since
1913. 3. Chemistry has changcd greatly since 1869 when the periodic
law was published. 4. The periodic system has long since served as the
greatest contribution to science. 5. Since the combustion of many non-
metals yielded products which rcactcd with water and gave acidic
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solutions, Lavoisier named the ncwly-discovcrcd gas oxygen (“acid
former"). 6. Ever since Lavoisier in 1792 demonstrated that diamond
and graphite are allotropic forms of carbon, man has been interested in
converting carbon into diamond. 7. They left St. Petersburg in 1996,
they haven’t been there since then.
Ex. 9. Translate the scntcnccs into Russian.
1. To analyse a substance means to define its components. 2. To
have a laboratory practice work is very useful for students of chcmistry.
3. To know the atomic structure is to understand this phenomenon.
4. To give a short definition o f a molecule is not so very easy. 5. For
uranium minerals to be used in industry is not a usual thing. 6. For
atoms to have the same chcmical properties is to be the atoms o f one
clement. 7. To make accurate measurements requires great carc. 8. To
start a reaction is one thing, but to keep it going on is another. 9. For
molecules to have the same composition implies the existence o f the
same structure. 10. To think about ordinary conditions of a reaction
means to think about room temperature and 1-atm pressure. 11. To
speak about the properties o f halogens is first o f all to mention their
extraordinary activity. 12. For compounds to be bonded by a covalent
bond implies having one or more shared electron pairs. 13. To compare
the size o f molecules is rather difficult. 14. To imagine a molecule o f
water means to imagine a certain combination o f hydrogen and oxygen
atoms. 1 S. To obtain a spectrum is to pass a beam of white light through
a spectrograph. 16. To say that the density o f a substance depends only
on its mass and volume is to lose sight o f the manner in which the
molecules are packed together.
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Атомы каждого элемента отличаются от атомов других эле
ментов. 2. Химическая реакция происходит, когда атомы взаимо
действуют друг с другом и образуют новые комбинации. 3. Молеку
лы, как известно, электрически нейтральны. 4. Молекулы соединений
состоят из двух или более видов атомов. 5. Дать определение моле
кулы — значит сказать о ее составе и свойствах. 6. То, что соедине
ния имеют одинаковые физические свойства, не означает, что их
химические свойства тоже одинаковы. 7. Молекула элемента может
состоять из одного, двух и более одинаковых атомов.
Ex. 11. Answer the following questions:
1. What is a chcmical reaction? 2. What types of chcmical unions do
you know? 3. What is an elemental moleculc? 4. What is a compound
molecule? S. What determines the properties o f a moleculc? 6. What
composition an elemental moleculc may have? 7. What is the difference
between an atom and an elemental moleculc?
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