M.Y. Kakimova
1
, I.A. Olkova
2
1
Candidate of Philological Sciences, M.Kozybayev North Kazakhstan State University,
Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan, e-mail: mkakimova2009@mail.ru
2
Candidate of Philological Sciences, M.Kozybayev North Kazakhstan State University,
Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan, e-mail: irina_m_a@mail.ru
THE PHENOMENON «POLITENESS» AS A LINGUISTIC CATEGORY
In the given article various approaches to the phenomenon “politeness” is being regarded
from linguistic point of view. It deals with functional, pragmatic and linguistic peculiarities of
“politeness” phenomenon. Some polite strategies in English and Kazakh languages aimed at
identifying their main cultural differences and similarities of the phenomenon “politeness” have
been analyzed. The associative experiment based on revealing the attitude to this phenomenon has
been carried out. The comparative analysis showed that the phenomenon under study is an essential
part of our humanity for the identification of its ethno cultural peculiarities. Besides, it gives an
opportunity to understand how communicative surrounding forms associative basis of a person and
affects personality’s worldview.
Key words: phenomenon “politeness”, linguistic peculiarities, polite strategies, cultural
discrepancies, social etiquette, communication barrier, functional, pragmatic features, polite
phrases.
INTRODUCTION
From a linguistic point of view, the notion of phenomenon “politeness" has been significant
over the last three decades of the XX century. It is indicated that the origins of the modern English
phenomenon "politeness" dates back to the sixteenth century when it signified socially cooperative
behavior to be displayed by male members of the nobility at court. Konrad Ehlich, a German
linguist, says that the idea of politeness is based on the evaluation against a standard. He notes that
"the standard of politeness first emerged in the late Middle Ages and was initially related to the
rules of the standard and was challenged by the competing standard derived from the notion of
civilité/civility, promoted by the rising urban culture [2, 71-108]. Definition of the word "polite" in
English given in the Oxford dictionary is interpreted as a case having or showing behavior that is
respectful and considerate of other people [3, 912]. In the Cambridge English Dictionary, the
following definition of "polite" is given: “behaving in a way that is socially correct and showing of
the understanding and care for other people's feelings; socially correct rather than friendly; people
who have been taught how to behave in a socially correct way” [4, 863]. In the Merriam-Webster's
Collegiate Dictionary we came across another definition regarding “politeness” as the quality or
state of being polite; refinement of manners; urbanity; courteous behavior; complaisance; obliging
attentions [5, 702]. Thus, politeness denotes the ease and gracefulness of manners which first
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sprung up in cities, connected with a desire to please others by anticipating their wants and wishes,
and studiously avoiding whatever might give them pain. Moreover, in a deeper sense “politeness” is
marked by or showing consideration for others, tact, and observance of accepted social usage. The
Russian philologist N.I. Formanovskay defines “politeness» as “behavior when the addressee is
given an inferior position. That is why the break of etiquette means disrespect and impoliteness”
[6]. A well-known British linguist Geoffrey Neil Leech in his book "The Pragmatics of Politeness"
describes this notion as “a display of respect and the eagerness to do an addressee a good turn; it is
also shown as a delicacy and tact” [7, 6].
In accordance with the bulk of linguists' works the word "politeness" derives from the Latin
word “politics", which means polished or more precisely polished manners. According to the
interpretation given in the Oxford English dictionary it is “a sense of elegance, or being cultured”
[8, 912].
From a pragmatic point of view, it deals with the various purposes of communication and the
influence of the situation and social context on the communication. In this regard, politeness is
considered as a strategic behavior responding to precise aims.
The four types of polite strategies which are described by Brown and Levinson are aimed at
helping people to become politer in socializing, leads for resolving misunderstanding and
breaking roadblocks in the process of communication, avoiding awkwardness with people of
different social ethnic groups. It is necessary to be aware of this phenomenon and accept it as an
essential part of our humanity. In the cultural diversity this phenomenon worth considering some
discrepancies in various languages, because misunderstanding that occurs as the result of ignorance
might lead to serious problems.
Considering many definitions given by linguists in this field, we can conclude that this
phenomenon under consideration means unacceptable social behavior and from a linguistic point of
view it is a speech etiquette that should be acquired by anyone who wants to be accepted as a polite
person and polite strategies serve as the key components to avoid various uncomfortable situations
due to the fact that people always face such situations. Besides, it enables a person to be more
polite and socially approved [9, 14].
N.P. Savoiskaya carried out the etymological analysis of the notion “politeness” from
synonymic and derivational point of view on the basis of Kazakh, Russian and English languages.
She has found out that only in the Kazakh language there is a synonymic range with the following
connotations: "simple, modest and shy", «ибадат», «ибалы», «кішіпейіл», «ізетті» etc. Some
words with the notion of "with good manners, exquisite", and even "aristocratic" are observed in the
English synonymic range: ‘courtly’, ‘gallant’, ‘refined’, polished, urbane, good-mannered and
mannerly whereas there are also some components with a clearly negative connotation: "flattering,
servile and ingratiating" in such words like unctuous, oil-tongued and obsequious only in the
English language. It should be noted that some words with the meaning of politeness are derived
from French: courteous, gallant, chivalrous, suave and amicable.
MAIN PART
In the Kazakh society, this phenomenon is accepted to be polite and respectful to the older
generation since childhood they are taught to do that. Kazakh children always listen to their parents
as they are wise and smart from their point of view. Such attitude towards the old can be
represented in following greetings: "Сәлеметсіз бе", «Сәлеметсіздер ме». In the English language
there is no such derivative "сіз" to illustrate the politeness, in contrast, Englishmen always try to
minimize greeting saying "Hello" and "Hi" which are equal to "Сәлем” in Kazakh language. The
similar but not the same tendency is seen regarding other members of the Kazakh family. We do not
usually call relatives by their names or even if we do so, we use various words that show how close
they are. For example: "жезде", "нағашы", "аға» and so on which is not acceptable in the English
family [10, 13]. As we know there is another way of greeting among male persons in Kazakh
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language: "Ассалаумағалейкум" with the corresponding answer "Уағалейкумассалам". These
words are derived from the Arabic language meaning “wishing health and God's support”. It is
obvious that in the Kazakh language there are more greeting forms than in the English language. In
particular, there are different greeting forms between gender and age. Thus for instance, Kazakh
women cannot say "Ассалаумағалейкум" as it is not accepted in their culture and there is no such
peculiarity in the English. Such gender differences in Kazakh can be seen through the language, for
example, according to their tradition, the female person should not call by the names of
bridegroom's relatives. In order to avoid calling them by names, they use the lexicon that is known
as "Табу" or "Ат тергеу" that is why she has to nickname them. Following the tradition, a fiancée
can get along with his relatives naming them softly and the husband’s relatives should also respect
and appreciate her in respect. This peculiarity does not exist in the English family, because the wife
and husband are mostly inclined to live separately from their relatives. In Kazakh brides used to
live with bridegroom's family as a new member of this family and therefore, made the process of
adaptation much easier.
In English, politeness phenomenon is illustrated with the help of as so called “high register":
“thank you”, “please, excuse me” that common in Kazakh language: “рахмет”, “өтінемін”,
“кешірім сұраймын”.
Euphemism is used in both languages to illustrate politeness with different purposes. English
it is more likely to be used to replace the unpleasant expression with inoffensive one. For instance:
"to pass away" instead of "to die". Such inclination is also accepted but euphemisms in Kazakh are
used to show the eloquence of a person. It is an essential part of our literature. For example: "ит
өлген жерде” with the meaning of distance and "қыздың артқан жүгіндей" means beautiful. In
the English language when somebody wants to make a polite request, he or she uses the word
"please". However, in Kazakh language the word "өтінемін» is used with the same meaning and
there is also a specific polite structure with the derivatives: "-шы"/ "-ші", for instance: "Қол созып
жбершіі", "Көмектесіп жіберші, өтінемін».
Passive and circumstantial voices are used in the English language to distance a person from
the action and it is considered as the component of the politeness phenomenon. In the Kazakh
language "өзгелік етіс" can be equivalent to it, but the aim of it is to make personalization when the
person who made the action is not important. For instance: "жиылған", "тоқылған". In the process
of communication between Englishmen one can observe the replacement of personal pronouns with
indefiniteness. E.g.: "Somebody might think that…” Such sort of pronouns are regarded as polite
indicators that are used to distance a person, but still, they have positive connotation, whereas in
the Kazakh language such pronouns have negative meaning containing sarcastic shade for e.g.:
"Біреу оны дұрыс түсінбей қалуы мүмкін."
In comparison with the Kazakh language, it is common to use the Present-Past Tense switch
to sound more politely in the English. For example, I was wondering whether/if…" Instead of such
construction, we have such phrases: "Қалай қарайсың?"/"Қалай қарайсыз?" that is asked to know
the attitude of the person towards the offer.
In both languages invocation of general rules might be observed. Thus for instance: "I am
sorry, but…" that can be substituted with the phrase "Кешірім сұраймын, бірақ..." and both of
them have not only the similar connotation and the same denotations.
To use the nominalization as an indicator of politeness phenomenon is widely spread in
England. In the given expressions: "I am surprised at your failure”, instead of «I am surprised that
you failed" which illustrate that the speaker’s intention that he/she addresses is very tactful in an
English context. Comparatively, in the Kazakh language, only the first variant is accepted as we do
not use the second one at all.
However, sometimes the politeness in the English language can be crossed with the irony
which is not found in the Kazakh language. It depends on the context, so one should be very careful
while using such complex constructions. For example: “Could you possibly be any chance lend me
your car for just a few minutes? There would not I suppose to be any chance of your being able to
lend me your car for just a few minutes, would there?" In the Kazakh language there are also such
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polite expressions containing more direct meaning. It might be illustrated in the situations when
somebody who is not older or elder than you. For example: "Маған өз көлігіңді бес минутқа бере
тұршы. Маған қалаға жедел түрде барып келу керек болып тұр" and for elder people: "Сіздің
көлігіңізді қалаға барып келу үшін сұрауға бола ма? Қалада өте маңызды шаруам болып
тұр". We can see that in the English language there are lots of polite words to show the respect
toward the addressee whereas in the Kazakh language such politeness is expressed with the
derivative "шы" in the first case and with the word "сіздің" in the second situation.
The words "бауырым", "қарындасым" is commonly used in the Kazakh language to show
that the person, to whom she/he addresses, is a close friend, and relatives and they are somehow
closely related to each other. What is more, it should be noted that while asking help or in the case
of polite requests, Kazakh people can include such word into the sentence. E.g.: "Бауырым, маған
көлігіңді бере тұршы" or "Бауырым, көмектесіп жіберші». Such phrases are unique and do not
occur in the English language. Still, it is used as some slang in the America-African dialects: «Can I
borrow your car?". In the Kazakh language it sounds politer than the latter and it would be far
politer to use "lend" instead of "borrow".
As we have mentioned before, there are lots of invitations and accepting polite expressions. In
English, when people want to take leave, it would be politer to use some introductory sentences
such as: "I am afraid I must be going now." or "It is time I was going off." In contrast with it, in
Kazakh culture, it is impolite to leave the house under any pretext as it shows disregard towards the
host. Of course, a person can take leave when he or she has a serious reason for it, like an urgent
business.
In the English language one might hear such phrases as "You are welcome", "Do not mention
it" or "It is nothing» that can answer for the politeness that was shown with the word "Please".
Almost the same we can observe in the Kazakh language: "Оқасы жоқ", "Денсаулығыңызға
бұйырсын", "Көңіліңіз хош болсын".
The main clarification of the politeness phenomenon face-saving and even the nation is
willing to protect their identity being politer. This can be observed particularly in the situation when
the
person
is
guilty
or
has
made
something
wrong.
He/she
says:
I
am
terrible/awfully/dreadfully/very/over sorry" in English. Whereas in Kazakh, people do notice such a
range of vocabulary in order to show how much sorry they are. We just vary the structure of the
sentence containing the same words: "Кешіріңіз", "Кешірім сұраймын", "Кешіруіңізді өтінемін"
and in some special cases "Ғафу етіңіз".
In making polite requests English people use cliché-questions like "Will/would/could you,
please”, “Do you think you could?", "Would you mind – ing?", "Will you be so kind as to…?" In
comparison, in the Kazakh language we come across the phrases with derivative or “-шы " as so
called "Politeness morphemes" "-ыңыз", "-іңіз": "Бере тұршы!" or "Беріңізші!"
One can observe many specific cultural peculiarities in Kazakh language due to the fact the
Kazakh nation keeps its tradition and cultural heritage. That is why, there are various ways of
expressing appreciation using "ас қайыру", "сарқыт беру", "бата беру" that occur after the meal.
Especially the latter is very precious for us as it affects our life greatly. However, in English, it is
also similar but not the same tradition to pray to show gratitude to the creator for the meal. But the
difference is that English does it before the meal, whereas Kazakh does it after the meal. "Бата
беру» has no direct interpretation in the English language and can be expressed in the form of the
poetry:
"Асың, асың, асыңа,
Береке берсін басыңа
Қорғауылдай жорғалап,
Достарың келсін қасыңа" [11, 3].
It shows the expression of gratitude towards the host/hostess who showed respect and
hospitality towards the guest and served with the meal. There is a special tradition which is very
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respectful and honorable when men can say "Бата". Such appreciation in the English language is
expressed only with the help of polite phrases like "Thank you".
In the Kazakh language it is common to observe various names or nicknames. These words
are known as "Теңеу, балау сөздер" and such phenomenon does not occur in the English language.
For instance, the elder brother while addressing might use such words to his little brother or sister:
"жаным", "күнім", "айым" and "алтыным". Parents might say to their children: "ботам",
"құлыным"; the child to his/her grandfather "аташым"; to his/her grandmother "апатайым"; to
his/her brother "ағатайым". It shows that each member of the family is special and has his/her own
place.
As we have stated before, the extreme respect to the older generation can be traced in the
Kazakh language. Such respect can be illustrated with another example: "рұқсат етіңіз", "мүмкін
бе?", "мархабат етіңіз", "мүмкін болса", "ренжімесеңіз", etc. These phrases are classified as
"уәж сөздер" and their usage in speech demonstrates politeness. This cultural peculiarity does not
take place in the English language.
Furthermore, in the English culture parents try to be more close to their children sharing their
secrets and encouraging their self-expression. On contrary, Kazakh parents always keep a distance
having subordination. So, it is extremely rude to say something impolite or to show his/her
character to the parents. Such cultural aspect can be seen in children's lexical vocabulary while
speaking to them. In comparison with the English language, the vocabulary of the Kazakh language
regarding the members of the family is broader. This can be justified with "Қаратпа сөздер" that
Kazakh people use to be politer. For instance: "қарағым, қалқам, шырағым, сәулем. However,
such phenomenon can occur in the English language concerning babies. As for example, English
people call their child using some words like "honey", "sweet".
For every celebration on there is a list of phrases that are used in the Kazakh language:
"Мейрамың құтты болсын!", "Нәрестенің бауы берік болсын!" and so on. But in the English
language only the word "Congratulation" which is used for many celebrations.
Kazakh people pay special attention to the congratulatory words and express it with the help
of literal and long sentences, whereas English restricts himself/herself from long and monotonous
speech beginning with "May you be happy, …" In the Kazakh language, it is the opportunity to
demonstrate a person’s eloquence in front of his/her relatives or occasionally friends and one should
not miss such a chance. It would be impolite to end the congratulatory speech shortly as it shows
disregard towards the addressee. Therefore, there are lots of various congratulatory speech
beginning with prose and ending up with poetry: "Аспаның ашық болсын, денсаулығың мықты
болсын" or more complex "Асу – асу асулардан асып, биік- биік белестерге жетуге жассын,
мерейің үстем болсын".
Some specific polite vocabulary is inherited in the Kazakh language like: "Ораза қабыл
болсын" which follows with an immediate answer such as "Айтқаныңыз қабыл болсын".
There is one more peculiar language feature in the English language trying to mention God's
name. As for example, the phrases like "Құдайға шүкір", "Құдай бұйыртса" and "Алла жазса"
could be brought. From the pedagogical point of view, in the English language pupils address their
teachers calling them, in particular, "Sir" or "Mr." for male teachers and "Miss" or "Mrs." for
female teachers. And nowadays, some British schools are moving towards the trend of calling the
teacher by their first name in order to diminish the distance between the teacher and the student.
Such trends are common for pupils who study in the Netherlands. In comparison with it, the Kazakh
pupils address teachers calling him or her as "teacher" or using "first name + patronymic (father's
name)".
The experiment that is based on verbal associations of people who were asked. This method
of linguistic research was chosen, because it allows gathering information about respondents’
attitude towards phenomenon which is being researched and also gives an opportunity to understand
how communicative surrounding forms associative basis of a person; how it affects his/her
worldview and thus, such experiment maintains to the identification of ethno cultural peculiarities
of the perception the phenomenon “politeness”.
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Students of Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan State University at the age of 17-23 and
also citizens of England at different ages, mostly between 20 and 30, took part in this experiment.
Representatives of Kazakh environment were interrogated using the method of a direct interview.
Respondents were informed about the necessity of independent, individual answers and about non-
essentiality of grammatical errors.
The citizens of England were questioned with the help of Internet nets, because of the
distance and the difficulty of the connection with them, interview was lead in some cases in the
form of questionnaire, in the other cases in the form of talk, in the process of which they were asked
the same questions, with the exception of the fact that the questions were in the English language.
Respondents were chosen notwithstanding their social and gender differences. Total sum of
respondents, who were questioned, were 86 people: 52 Kazakh and 34 English.
Following points are worked out during the experiment:
– Structure of association is analyzed.
– Frequencies of various associations have been revealed.
– The conditions, which affect the correspondence/in correspondence of association, are
studied.
First of all, respondents are offered to bring some association to the word “politeness”. As the
result of which, the following statistic is given: Kazakh respondents gave about 60 associations
including words and word combinations or collocations. Several of them are more frequently used:
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