5. Read the text.
Watercolor is one of the most complex and mysterious art techniques. It
seems at first glance that its secret is relatively simple – pigments very finely
ground and dissolved in water form a translucent layer of paint color penetra-
ble for sun beams which, reflecting from the white surface of paper, enhance
the intensity of color. Interactions of hues, a softness of color transitions and
an intensity of the clusters of colors, with the high profile of paper, its color
and texture – all this imparts to the artistic language of watercolor paintings as
unmatched charm and elegance. Works in watercolor hardly allow alterations
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and corrections in the course of their creation, and this technique requires from
artists a special sensitivity, precision of eye and hand, and a consummate mas-
tery of color and form. For an accomplished painter, watercolor affords the
opportunity of endless diversity of effects, subtlest shading and decorative
color contrasts.
The term watercolor refers to paints that use water soluble, complex
carbohydrates as a binder
.
The history of the technique is complex and
extremely old, dating perhaps to the cave paintings of Paleolithic Europe, and
has been used for manuscript illumination since at least Egyptian times but
especially in the European Middle Ages, its continuous history as an art
medium begins in the Renaissance. The German artist Albrecht Dürer (1471–
1528) who painted several fine botanical, wildlife and landscape watercolors
is generally considered among the earliest exponents of the medium. An
important school of watercolor painting in Germany was led by Hans Bol
(1534–1593) as part of the Dürer Renaissance. Despite this early start,
watercolors were generally used by Baroque painters only for sketches, copies
or cartoons. Among notable early practitioners of watercolor painting were
Van Dyck (during his stay in England), Claude Lorrain, Giovanni Benedetto
Castiglione, and many Dutch and Flemish artists. However, botanical and
wildlife illustrations are perhaps the oldest and most important tradition in
watercolor painting. Botanical artists have always been among the most
exacting and accomplished watercolor painters, and even today watercolors –
with their unique ability to summarize, clarify and idealize in full color – are
used to illustrate scientific and museum publications. Wildlife illustration
reached its peak in the 19
th
century and today many naturalist field guides are
still illustrated with watercolor paintings.
Watercolor as a medium appeared in Russia in the 18
th
century – the
technique was used for “illuminating” prints and architectural drafts. By the
late 18
th
century watercolor already was an autonomous art with some distinct
means of expression and artistic language.
Russia, like many other European countries, borrowed the watercolor
technique from England. The English watercolor artists developed a special
set of techniques termed “wet in wet”. Wet in wet includes any application of
paint or water to an area of the painting that is already wet with either paint or
water. In general, wet in wet is one of the most distinctive features of
watercolor painting.
The essential idea is to wet the entire sheet of paper, laid flat, until the
surface no longer wicks up water but lets it sit on the surface, then to plunge in
with a large brush saturated with paint. This is normally done to define the
large areas of the painting with irregularly defined color, which is then
sharpened and refined with more controlled painting as the paper dries.
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Wet in wet actually comprises a variety of specific painting effects, each
produced through different procedures. Among the most common and
characteristic are:
backruns – water and wet paint have a strong tendency to migrate from
wetter to drier surfaces of the painting. As the wetter area pushes into the
dryer, it plows up pigment along its edge, leaving a lighter colored area behind
it and a darker band of pigment along an irregular, serrated edge;
paint diffusion – concentrated paint applied to a prewetted paper has a
tendency to diffuse or expand into the pure water surrounding it, especially if
the paint has been milled using a dispersant;
pouring color – some artists pour large quantities of slightly diluted paint
onto separate areas of the painting surface, then by using a brush, spray
bottle of water and/or judicious tilting of the painting support, cause the wet
areas to gently merge and mix. After the color has been mixed and allowed
to set for a few minutes, the painting is tipped vertically to sheet off all
excess moisture, leaving behind a paper stained with random, delicate color
variations, which can be further shaped with a wet brush or added paint
while the paper is still wet;
dropping in color – in this technique a color area is first precisely defined
with diluted paint or clear water, then more concentrated paint is dropped into
it by touching the wet area with a brush charged with paint;
salt texture – grains of coarse salt, sprinkled into moist paint, produce
small, snowflake like imperfections in the color;
cling-film technique – the use of kitchen cling-film to create special effects
in watercolor painting. A wash of watercolor is applied to paper and cling-film
is laid over the wet pigment. The cling-film is then manipulated manually
using fingers to form a series of ridges that resemble ripples in water or long
grasses. Once the pigment is completely dry, the cling-film is removed and the
texture is revealed in greater clarity.
Another type of watercolor, which came into its own a little while later,
originated in Italy. In Italian watercolor, the artist applies a drybrush technique
whereby one shade of color is applied over another gradually, after the
preceding layer has dried, touch by touch, intensifying the shades of color
from light to dark. Raw paint is picked up with a premoistened, small brush,
then applied to the paper with small hatching or crisscrossing brushstrokes.
The brush tip must be wetted but not overcharged with paint, and the paint
must be just fluid enough to transfer to the paper with slight pressure and
without dissolving the paint layer underneath. The goal is to build up or mix
the paint colors with short precise touches that blend to avoid the appearance
of pointilism. Often it is impossible to distinguish a good drybrush watercolor
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from a color photograph or oil painting, and many drybrush watercolors are
varnished or lacquered after they are completed to enhance this resemblance.
Italian watercolors are marked by their diversity of rich colors, plasticity,
contrasts of light, brightness and intensity of color scheme.
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