That was  why  she got frightened so  much

136 
c) asyndetically
 
He said there was nothing to discuss 
with me.
 
4
. 
at
tri
b
u
ti
v
e cl
au
se
s
 
at
tri
b
u
ti
v
e r
el
at
iv
e cl
au
ses
(
q
u
al
if
y
t
h
e a
n
teceden
t)
 
1) restrictive (It can not be 
removed 
without 
destroying the meaning of 
the sentence. It is not 
separated by a comma)
 
a)
relative pronouns
(who, 
whose, which, that, as
)
 
b)
relative adverbs (where, 
when)
 
c) asyndetically
 
You cannot help feeling pity for a 
woman 
who
takes so much delight in 
shopping.
 
They spoke no more on their way 
back to the house 
where
Mary and her 
father lived.
 
He has now come to that stage of life 
when
a man like him should find a 
decent wife.
 
I think she is the most beautiful 
woman I have ever met.
 
2) non-restrictive (It can be 
left out without destroying 
the 
meaning 
of 
the 
sentence, often separated 
by commas)
 
a)
relative pronouns
(who, 
which
) 
b)
relative adverbs (where, 
when)
 
Mr. Jacobs, 
who
had no assistant, had 
to answer the call himself.
 
She uttered a wild scream, 
which
in 
its heart-rending intensity seemed to 
echo for miles.
 
Alice entered the dining-room 
where
the table was laid for two.
 
 
att
ributi
ve
a
pposi
ti
ve
c
la
uses (
disclose 
the me
aning of the
a
nt
ec
ede
nt)
 
The 
antecedent 
is 
expressed by an abstract 
noun, not separated by a 
comma
 
conjunctions that, whether 
 
adverbs how, why
 
 
 
 
 
 
He stopped in the fear 
that 
she would 
notice him.
 
With his former doubt 
whether 
he 
should tell her the truth, Mike again 
stopped in the doorway.
 
There was no reason 
why
she should 
be silent.
 
Thus the question 
how
he will make 
his living seemed to worry him very 
much. 
5
. 
ad
v
er
b
ial
c
la
u
ses
of
 
ti
m
e
 
conjunctions 
when 
(scarcely … when, hardly 
… when, no sooner … 
than), while, whenever, as, 
till, until, as soon as, as 
long 
as, 
since, 
after, 
before, now that
 
Jane‟s mother died 
when
she was 
eight years old.
 
You can stay here 
as long as
you 
wish.
 
This is the question that worries me 
most, 
now that
you have told me the 
truth.
 
Hardly had her appeared, 
when
the 
lady sighed deeply.
 

137 
p
la
ce
 
conjunctions 
where, 
wherever
 
I am quite comfortable 
where
I sit.
 
He was moving very slowly, pausing, 
wherever
he saw a dark figure in the 
street.
 
cau
se
 
(reaso
n
)
 
conjunctions as, because, 
since, for fear (that), on 
the ground that, for the 
reason that
 
As
he liked her company, he seldom 
missed a chance to pay her a visit.
 
Since
you are here, we may discuss 
the terms.
 
p
u
rp
o
se
 
conjunctions that, in order 
that, so that, lest
 
Wounds sometimes must be opened 
in order that 
they may be healed.
 
I crouched against the wall of the 
gallery 
so that
I should not be seen. 
co
n
d
it
io
n
 
conjunctions if, unless, 
suppose, 
in 
case, 
on 
condition that, provided
 
If
I haven‟t got the answer by the end 
of the week, I shall find another buyer.
 
I will do anything you wish, 
provided
it is in my power.
 
 
co
n
ce
ss
io
n
 
conjunctions 
and 
connectives 
though, 
although, as, no matter, 
how, however, whoever, 
whatever, 
whichever, 
notwithstanding that, in 
spite of the fact that
 
I enjoyed that day, 
though
it was 
drizzling.
 
She went forward to meet John ready 
to suppress her feelings, 
whatever
news 
he was to tell her.
 
res
u
lt
 
conjunction so that (so … 
that, such … that)
 
Darkness had fallen and such a strong 
wind was blowing, 
that
the streets were 
nearly deserted.
 
He is 
so
ill 
that
he can hardly move.
 
man
n
er
 
conjunction as 
She did exactly 
as
he told her.
 
Joe left the house 
as
he had entered it.
 
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
 
conjunctions than, as, as 
… as, not so…as, as if, as 
though 
Mr. Direck‟s broken arm healed 
sooner 
than
he expected.
 
We were driving as fast 
as 
we could.
 
6
. 
pa
re
nthetic
a
l cla
uses
 
I am afraid, you will have to give up eating meat.
 
The last step in their investigation brought matter, as they say, to a 
crisis.
 
Her singing is something quite exceptional, I think.
 
 

138 
QUESTIONS, TASKS AND TESTS FOR SELF-CONTROL ON PART 5 
 
I. Define the kinds of sentences according to the purpose of the utterance: 
1. “Where have you been?” 2. She was terribly nervous. 3. “Step this way, 
please, miss,” she said. 4. “Oh, dear! I cannot believe my eyes!” 5. I don‟t like 
violets. 6. Please, tell me the truth.
 
II. Define the type of question: 
1. Is he a student? 2. Who sent you this letter? 3. Did he arrive at night? 4. 
Would you like a cup of tea or coffee? 5. He went there yesterday, didn‟t he? 6. Have 
they finished the interview or are they still talking?
 
III. Define one-member sentences are two-member sentences (say whether 
they complete or elliptical): 
1. Freedom! The clear sky! The wonderful twitter of birds! 2. I didn‟t see them. 
3. “Where were you yesterday?” “Everywhere.” 4. A sofa. A table. Two chairs. A 
Persian carpet and old paintings. 5. Loneliness. Despair. This everlasting anguish. 
This intolerable desire to die. 6. “Who said that?” “Nancy.”
 
IV. State the type of connection and coordination.
1. The clock struck seven, and the first visitor arrived. 2. Hurry up, dear, or 
you‟ll be late again! 3. It was a high and difficult climb, but it was worth it. 4. Lily is 
blonde, and Helen is dark. 5. The manual contains a wealth of valuable information, 
the material is very conveniently organized. 6. You can lead a horse to water, but you 
cannot make it drink. 7. Most British hospitals offer only traditional Western methods 
of treatment; hospitals in China provide both Western and traditional Chinese 
medicine. 8. The grass was wet, so he passed over to the road. 9. Go away 
immediately, otherwise I‟ll call the police. 10. I came, I saw, I conquered. 11. Polly 
had a talent for acting or rather she though so.
 
V. Write out subordinate clauses. Define their type (subject, object, predicative, 
adverbial, attributive, parenthetical).
1. 
What I demand
is to be paid for 
what I do
.
 
2. I only wrote down 
what 
seemed to me to be the truth
. 
3
. The fact is 
he ignores all criticism
. 4. The man, 
whose strength seemed to be sufficiently restored
, threw off his coat, and ran 
towards the sea. 5
. 
The dean talked to all students 
who had received poor grades at 
the exam
. 6. 
If anything particular occurs
, you can contact me via e-mail. 7
. As 
Helen was running up the steps
, she twisted her ankle. 8. He died 
when he was 
eighty-seven years old
. 9. Your story, 
you know
, is of little importance. 10. She was 
so worried 
that she did not notice her cat stealing something from the table
. 

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