Учебное пособие для специальностей «Переводческое дело» и«Иностранный язык: два иностранных языка»
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- § 3. The verb
| § 2. The adjective
In the course of the ME period the adjective underwent greater simplifying changes than any other part of speech. It lost all grammatical categories except the degrees of comparison. In OE the adjective was declined to show gender, case and number of the noun it modified; it had a five-case paradigm and two types of declension (weak and strong). By the end of the OE period the agreement of the adjective with the noun had become looser and in the course of early ME it was practically lost. Though the grammatical categories of the adjective reflected those of the noun, most of them disappeared even before the noun lost the respective distinctions. The degrees of comparison is the only set of forms which the adjective has preserved through all historical periods. However, the endings used to build up the forms of the degrees of comparison have considerably altered. In OE the forms of the comparative and the superlative degrees were built by adding the suffixes –ra and –est/-ost, to the form of the positive degree. Sometimes affixation was accompanied by an interchange of the root-vowel; a few adjectives had suppletive forms. In ME the degrees of comparison could be built in the same way, only the suffixes had been weakened to –er, -est and the interchange of the root-vowel was less common than before. The most important innovation in the adjective system in the ME period was the growth of analytical forms of the degrees of comparison. The new system of comparisons emerged in ME, but the ground for it had already been prepared by the use of the OE adverbs mā, bet, betst, swī ƥ or – „more‟, „better‟, „to a greater degree‟ with adjectives and participles. It is remarkable that in ME, when the phrases with ME more and most became more and more common, they were used with all kinds of adjectives, regardless of the number of syllables and were even preferred with mono- and disyllabic words. 37 § 3. The verb Unlike the morphology of the noun and the adjective, which has become much simpler in the course of history, the morphology of the verb displayed two distinct tendencies of development: it underwent considerable simplifying changes which affected the synthetic forms and became far more complicated owing to the growth of new analytical forms and new grammatical categories. All types of verbs existing in OE (strong, weak preterite-present) were preserved in ME. However, owing to certain linguistic factors a number of OE strong verbs weakened in ME and vice versa: some of the weak verbs became strong. In each of these verb types we find numerous changes. The OE prefix ʒe- was reduced to y- . This prefix was mostly found in the second жүктеу/скачать 1,38 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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