Учебное пособие для специальностей «Переводческое дело» и«Иностранный язык: два иностранных языка»
UNIT 11. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL LITERARY
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| UNIT 11. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL LITERARY
LANGUAGE § 1. England in early New English The formation of the national literary English language covers the early New English period (about 1475 – 1660). There were at least 2 major external factors which contributed to the rise of the national language and the literary standard: the centralization of the country and progress of culture. Other historical events, such as expanded foreign contacts, affected the language in a less general way, though their influence on the vocabulary growth is of no doubt. The most significant event of the period was the Wars of the Roses (1455 – 1485), which marked the decay of feudalism and the birth of a new social order. The political result of this long struggle was the rise of absolute monarchy. This meant a high degree of political centralization, which, in its turn, led to the centralization of the language as well. This means that there appeared national language dominating over local dialects. The 15 th and 16th c. brought about other striking changes in the life of the country. Trade had extended outside the local boundaries. Besides cattle-breeding and farming an important wool trade and industry was carried on in the country-side. Soon the demand for wool and cloth started to rise, and Britain began to export woolen cloth produced by the 1 st big enterprises known as “manufactures”. As this wool business turned out to be profitable, the landowners and manufacturers needed more wool and, correspondingly, more sheep and pastures. For this reason, the landowners evicted peasants from their lands, enclosed the land with ditches and fences and turned it into vast pastures. The new nobility, who traded in wool, fused with the rich townspeople and formed a new class – the bourgeoisie. The evicted farmers, peasants, poor artisans and monastic servants turned into farm labourers and wage workers or remained unemployed and joined the ranks of vagrants, paupers and highway robbers. These changes in economic and social conditions were accompanied by the intermixture of people coming from different regions, the growth of towns with a mixed population, and the strengthening of social ties between the various regions. 42 All these processes played an important role in the unification of the English language. жүктеу/скачать 1,38 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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