part of human life, c) literary art and artistic heritage

part of human life, c) literary art and artistic heritage. 
Each of three parts has an article that highlights general picture of spiritual
culture of the appropriate period and description of folklore process during each 
epoch. First part is devoted to syncretic culture of ancient period and includes
three chapters: 1) folklore related to human working activities. Here the ancient 
hunting, livestock and farming rituals and various folklore texts accompanying
them are considered. 2) Ritual folklore divided into calendar, family and magic 
folklore. Calendar folklore includes celebration of New year «Nauryz» and songs
about it, spring holiday devoted to first milking of mares («Kymyzmurindik») and 
songs about it, songs «Zharapazan» performed during Ramadan month. As the
content of «Zharapazan» is based on pre-Islam folklore, they are referred to the 
ancient ritual folklore. Family ritual folklore is classified into wedding rituals and
songs, funeral rituals and songs, children folklore. Magic folklore is first outlined 
as a separate type and it includes arbau (spell), zhalbarinu (incantation,
supplication), algis (blessing), kargis (curse), ant (oath), badik (condemn), baksi 
sarini (shaman’s song). 3) Archaic folklore including such ancient genres as myths,
khikaya (bilichka), ethiologic tale, fairy tale, archaic epos and mystery that already
have artistic features.
The object of the second part of the book is folklore of medieval epoch 
including long period from the formation of early feudal states till collapse of
Kazakh khanate. As folklore texts recorded during that period are missing, 
folklore patterns fixed on rocks and in some literary works are considered as main
sources that provide opportunity to guess about folklore texts that existed during 
that period. These are ancient Turkic writings in honor of Kultegin and Bilge-
kagan, anonymous works «Oguz-name», «Kumanikus code» and «Kitabi dedem 
Korkud», author compositions «Kissas-ul-anbija» by Rabguzi and others.
Those mentioned written monuments include folklore motives and plots
(sometimes genres), folklore traditions, characters actions resembling actions of
mythic ancestors, epic bogatyrs, tale heroes or historical figures. For example in 
ancient Turkic texts written on rocks traces of ancient myth about origin of the sky
and earth can be seen, Turks ancestors, spirit and motives of heroic epos, however 
«Oguz-name» and «Kitabi dedem Korkut» are the patterns of medieval book epos
with all features typical for the epic genre, «Kumaniks code» includes lots of 
sayings, mysteries and quatrains. During Kazakh khanate many ancient genres and
plots have gained new impulse and have transformed into real artistic forms. 
Formation of the whole classical folklore system took place, especially bogatyr and
romantic epos have been blossoming, based on ancient plots the tales about 
animals, bogatyr eposes, legends, sayings, historical epos have appeared. During

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this period the process of historical, biographical and genealogical cyclization of
epos and other genres took place and therefore most folklore works reflect life of 
people who lived in Kazakh khanate.
Third part of the book includes condition of folklore during new and newest 
periods, it shows how traditional genres have modified and new genre forms
appeared that were caused by historical-cultural and social-political events that 
took place in XVIII, XIX, XX centuries. During this period ancient genres
continue their development, new forms have developed from old forms, new 
genres, plots and motives have been developing. So in XVIII-XIX centuries many
genres have gained all features that have reached us before first half of XX century 
as classical folklore and valuable heritage. Particular, we can mention novelistic
and satirical tales, lyrical, historical and lyric-epic (ballade) songs. Aitys, dastan 
and historical epos have especially strongly developed. It should be mentioned that
during new period lyrical genres are prevailing, historical epos and historical songs 
that tell about struggle of Kazakh people against Jungar invaders and Russian
colonists became important, new genre has appeared that is conditionally 
determined by lyro-epic (ballade) songs with combination of archaic and new
things but without mythologization.
In XX century work songs and stories non traditional for Kazakh folklore
have appeared, various songs and stories about peoples liberation uprising of 1916, 
new songs, mysteries, sayings and proverbs. All of them actively existed till first
half of XX century and only some patterns of minor didactic genre are used in 
usual life of contemporary people. At present stage genre of anecdote begins its
formation caused by intensive urbanization and traditional folklore is used in 
professional art as a source. It means that folklore became classical heritage and
part of contemporary artistic culture.


ҚЫСҚАРҒАН СӚЗДЕР 

ҼҾИ – М.О.Ҽуезов атындағы Ҽдебиет жҽне ҿнер институты 

ОҒК – Орталық ғылыми кітапхана
ИРГО – Известия Русского географического общества 
М. – Мҽскеу
Л. – Ленинград 
М.-Л. – Мҽскеу-Ленинград
СПб. – Санкт-Петербург 
Пг. – Петроград
Сб. МАЭ – Сборник музея антропалогии и этнографии. СПб., 
ЗООИРГО – Записки Оренбургского отделения императорского русского
географического общества. Казань. 

http://emirsaba.org