The time as object philosophical analysis in the poetics

Common lexical forms for Romanian ... 

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ested in the linguistic phenomena present in three languages genetically different (Albanese, Romanian and 

Greek), while Miklošič analyzed the common traits for four languages (Romanian, Bulgarian, Albanese and 

Greek) and emphasized on a multitude of Slav influences on the Romanian language [1, 2]. 

The Slav influence manifested itself at the level of the borrowed foreign words, since the Romanized 

Daces took over words referring to fundamental levels of life. It is often stated that this influence manifested 

itself especially in what concerns the vocabulary. As a consequence, the Romanian preserved words referring 

to actions and the name of actions, the rural life and the agricultural works, agricultural products and foods, 

animal names, expressions referring to social life and public administration, as well as religion. Due to this 

type of symbiosis between the Romanian and the Slav languages, there are some common or resembling 

words in the semantic field of the kinship names or some body parts. 

In this paper we will try to provide an analysis of some semantic fields present in both languages, by 

observing the differences in what concerns the form and the meaning, the circulation of some forms in spe-

cific stylistic registers, as well as the preference of speakers from the two cultures for a particular form, a 

pragmatic predisposition for a certain type of lexical selection. 

We were interested as well in the evolution of some words from an historical point of view. For this. 

Using the comparative method, we observe some changes in the transition words of Slavic languages in other 

modern languages. 

Actions and names of actions 



Rom. silă — Slov. sila (abhorrence) 

The words have a common Slav etymon, but in the contemporary language they have different mean-

ings. For the Romanian, the main registered meanings are: 1. «feeling of disgust, abhorrence, displeasure, 

repulsion to someone or something, aversion.»; 2. (in expressions) în silă = «with no interest, without pleas-

ure, from obligation»; cu (de-a) sila or în (or de, cu) silă = «without free will, obliged»; de silă, de milă = 

«not really willing». Besides, it functions with ancient and regional meanings a face (cuiva) silă = «to co-

erce, to force»; a-şi face silă = «to try very hard»; 3. (ancient.) «strenght, force». 

In Slovenian, the word has diverse significations, not bearing the stylistic restrictions from Romanian 

(sila „physical or mental force), as well as in phrases, such as delovna sila «workforce», sporazum velikih sil 

«agreement between great powers», nadnaravne sile «supernatural powers», klic v sili «emergency call», and 

in expressions such as na silo «against one’s will)», za silo «hardly, barely», od sile «strong, sufficientt» and 

many others. In some phrases, this word also has a special morphologic value, of intensity adverb, equivalent 

to zelo: 

Danes se mu je sila mudilo. / Today he is in great hurry.. 

In both languages the noun has a verbal correspondent, a (se) sili/siliti (se). 



Rom. şoaptă — Slov. šepet (whisper) 

Works in both languages with resembling forms and the same meaning. These words also have a verbal 

correspondent Rom. a şopti — Slov. šepetati. (to whisper) 



Rom. zăbavă — Slov. zabava (lateness) 

It is registered with the same form, but with different meanings in the two languages. In Romanian, the 

registered meanings are: 1. «delay, slowness, tedium, wait»; (in expressions) un bob (de) zăbavă = «a little 

bit of patience, immediately»; fără de zăbavă = «without delay, immediately»; 2. «leisure, repose»; 3. «en-

tertainment, party, leisure», while in Slovenian the meaning is limited only to «leisure, entertainment, fun, 

party». In Slovenian the word also appears in prepositional contexts with different meanings: v, za zabavo 

«for pleasure, for fun». 



Rom. pojar — Slov. požar (measles) 

Presents in the two languages stylistic differences. For the Romanian it is registered with the senses: 

1. «contageous disease (to children), characterized by the appearance of red spots on the skin; measles»; 

2. (ancient and regional) «big fire»; (figurative) «scarlett light of sunrise or sunset»; 3. «great heat»; «pathos, 

passion, ardor, fervor». 

For the Slovenian, it is a word with much fewer stylistic connotations, occurring only in contexts such 

as požar ljubezni, požar strasti «the fire of love, the fire of passion». 

The two languages have for this word different derivative possibilities. The Romanian language pre-

serves in the archaic and regional registers words such as pojarnic, pojarniţă (amber), pojărnicie «firefight-

ers’ station». In Slovenian, the words požar, požarnic also function as last names. 

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In the Slovenian language, the word formed a different lexical word group. For the word firefighter, the 

Slovenian uses gasilec, formed from the verb gasiti «to extinguish», occurring in structures such as pogasiti 

ogenj/ požar, pogasiti žejo, which can be translated as to put out /to temper fire/thirst. 



Rom. zdrobiti — Slov. zdrobiti (broken) 

They appear in the two languages in the same form, with the same meaning, but with a different pro-

nunciation due to the accent. These words have different metaphoric senses (zlomiti srce «to break some-

one’s heart» and zdrobiti v (sončni) prah «to break someone»). 

Foods 



Rom. smântână — Slov. smetana (cream) 

This word has a Bulgarian etymon, its evolution is similar in the two languages, and the form is resem-

bling; it appears in proper and figurative contexts. In both languages it is registered with the proper sense of 

«fat alimentary product, with a white-yellowish color, which forms itself on the surface of unboiled milk, 

after this has been left for a while at room temperature, or which is separated from the milk using a special 

centrifugal machine». In addition to this, the word is registered figuratively as «the best, most valuable part 

of a thing». 

In Slovenian, the word apperas in figurative expression such as zbrala se je vsa ljubljanska smetana, 

which can be translated as «upper class of the society» similar to the protipendadă word in Romanian, or as 

pri tem je hotel vso smetano sam pobrati, meaning «he wanted to rip all the profit from a business/an activity». 

In the same semantic field, there appear with the same form and identical meanings words such as 

hrană (food), hreani (horseradish) şi oţet (vinegar).This latter one is less utilized in the Slovenian language 

nowadays, being replaced by kis. 

Animals 

The lexical field of the animal names is the best represented in our corpus. The reasoning for this fre-

quency is that these terms belong to the common vocabulary. 



Rom. biber — Slov. bober 

The formal minimal difference is motivated by the different evolution of the German etymon. In Slove-

nian is very frequently utilized, while in Romanian it is competed by it synonym beaver. 



Rom. dihor — Slov. dihur (ferret) 

The Romanian term presents the probable Slav etymology and a minimal form difference as compared 

to the Slovenian variant. 

Identical or resembling in form in both languages are also the pairs: Rom. fazan — Slov. Fazan (pheas-

ant), Rom. raţă — Slov.  Raca  (duck), Rom. gâsca — Slov. goska  (goose), Rom. păstrăv — Slov.  postrv 

(trout), Rom. ştiuca — Slov. ščuka (pike), Rom. rac — Slov. rak (lobster). In Slovenian, the last word ap-

pears in expressions such as rdeč kot kuhan rak «red like the boiled lobster», iti rakom žvižgat «to die, not to 

succeed». 

In Romanian, the word appears in a series of expressions such as a merge sau a da înapoi ca racul «not 

preogressing, having a hard time», roşu ca racul (fiert) «it is said about a person whose face is red». 

Beside this, in both languages there appears with the symbolic definition of rac «cancer» — imam raka 

or zodia racului (cancer zodiacal sign) — biti rak po horoskopu. 

A very interesting evolution in the two languages has the pair Rom. găină — Slov. kokoš (hen). If the 

Romanian language conserved the Latin gallina, also kept in other Romanic languages, such as Italian, the 

Slovenian utilizez for the same notion the term kokoš. 

Celestial bodies 



Rom. luna — Slov. luna 

The term appears in both languages, but, if in Romanian it refers both to the temporal unit and to the 

star, in the Slovenian there are two different terms: a) luna with the meaning of «star»; b) mesec, with two 

senses «calendar unit» and «celestial body». They both appear in constructions such as: luna ga nosi/mesec 

ga nosi. 

An unusual contextual aspect for the Slovenian language is the creation of a specific pattern for pentru 

lună de miere (honeymoon). If the Romanian and other languages have this metaphoric type of phrase, the 

Slovenian utilizes the phrase medeni tedni, which could be translated as «honey weeks». 

Human body 



Rom. obraz — Slov. obraz 

This word presents in the Romanian language a much richer range of significations as compared to the 

Slovenian. In the first place, it is registered in the Explanatory Dictionary with two plural inflexions (obraz 

Common lexical forms for Romanian ... 

Серия «Филология». № 3(75)/2014 

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— obraji/obraze), which facilitates a better differentiation of the proper and the metaphoric senses: 1. (pl. 

obraji) [cheeks] «each of the two lateral sides of the face». It also appears in some expressions such as să-ţi 

fie ruşine obrazului- «shame on you!» or să-ţi fie în obraz- «it is said about someone who has done some-

thing inappropriate», a-i plesni sau a-i crăpa cuiva obrazul de ruşine- «to be very ashamed», a fi gros de 

obraz - «to be shameless», «(a fi) fără obraz - «to be shameless, inappropriate», a avea obraz subţire – «to 

be polite, to have a good behaviour», obrazul subţire cu cheltuială se ţine- «in order to meet great expecta-

tions you need to have the corresponding resources». Although in Serbian and Croatian there are synonym 

expressions (for ex., bez obrazan), in the contemporary Slovenian there is no such structure; 2. (pl. obraze) 

«the anterior part of the human head, face, complexion, appearance». Expressions: a ieşi  (a scăpa,  a o 

scoate) cu obraz curat- «to get out of a situation in a honourable manner», a-i spune sau a-i zice cuiva (un 

lucru) de la obraz- «to tell someone something in a direct manner, bluntly», a orbi sau a prosti pe cineva de 

la obraz- «to obviously lie to someone, to try to cheat in a rude manner», a-şi scoate obrazul în lume - «to 

appear in the society, to show oneself to people», a face (cuiva) pe obraz - «to treat someone the way one 

deserves, to take vengeance on someone». a  (nu)  da obraz - «not to face someone», a-şi pune obrazul 

(pentru cineva) - «to vouch for someone with one’s own honour, authority, reputation», a da (cuiva) obraz -

«to allow someone too many things, to pamper or to spoil», cu ce obraz? – «how dare you?»; (fig.) «moral 

value of a person; honour, reputation, renown, dignity»; 3.  (ancient.) «person, individual»; obraz 

subţire – «fine, pretentious person, living in luxury»; 4. «rank, condition, social status». 

For the Slovenian language, the term designates the whole face. 

The expression znan obraz signifies «an important or renowned person, known by someone», while the 

expression ima veliko obrazov is synonymous with «two faced». 



Rom. hibă — Slov. hiba 

The word has a Hungarian etymon. In Romanian it is registered with the meanings of «drawback, defi-

ciency, defect, flaw», defect» and has regional circulation. In the same time it is polysemantic, referring to 

any kind of drawback. In the Slovenian, the word has the same sense, it circulates in some stylistic registers, 

but it is used more often in contexts referring to persons, designating a physical or mental disability, and lim-

ited to some contexts in order to express the deficiency of a work or an object. 

Kinship relations 



Rom. nevastă — Slov. nevesta 

Registered in the Slav languages, where from the Romanian borrowed it, with the meaning of «married 

woman», the word presents in Slovenian a particular meaning «bride». For the sense of «married woman», 

the Slovenian uses žena. Besides, for husband-wife, the Slovenian uses the pair of words soprog — soproga, 

employed only in the urban areas and in the protocol addressing. 

Qualities 



Rom. drag — Slov. drag 

They appear with the same form, but with differences in what concerns the meaning in the two lan-

guages. In the Slovenian, the word has the core sense of «dear» and presents a verbal correspondent (po) 

dražiti se. For the Romanian, the word has the meanings of «dear, lovable, priceless for someone». 

It is worth noticing at this pair the possibility of functioning as nouns, as a result of conversion through 

the appearance in an adjectival context: Rom. draga mea — Slov. moja draga/draga moja - «my dear». With 

this morphologic value, it is used as a term to address you loved one or talk about him or her. The last signi-

fication does not appear in the Slovenian, because the term is competed by ljub. 

The expressions draga mea — moja draga, draga moja - «my dear» are utilized only if a person is con-

sidered important by someone, while in Romanian they appear rather often, as a common addressing formu-

la. They appear particularly in the familiar register. 



Rom. treaz — Slov. trezen 

It has similar forms in the two languages, but limitations in what concerns the meaning. 

For the Romanian, the word is registered with the meanings 1. «someone in a state of wakefulness, not 

sleeping, awake»; 2. «someone who is not drunk»; 3. (fig). «someone who watches attentively, vigilantly». 

In Slovenian, it only has the second and the third sense. 



Rom. vesel — Slov. vesel (pronounced veseu for male and vesela for female) 

Identical both as form and meaning, the words still present some contextual differences motivated by 

the syntactic patterns they appear in. 

If the adjective functions with the same meaning in both languages, the verb knows in Slovenian, in the 

standard language, the reflexive variant (veseliti se), which in Romanian has a limited circulation in the pop-

Nicolae Stanciu  

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Вестник Карагандинского университета 

ular register only. Here are the most utilized alternatives in Slovenian: 1. me veseli, used as an addressing 

formula, which expresses a good relation between two persons; 2. me veseli, da prideš — «I am pleased with 

your coming»; 3. petje me veseli — «singing makes me happy». 



Rom. bogat — Slov. bogat (rich) 

It functions in both languages with the same form, the same meaning, and even with a similar word 

families (Rom. bogătaş — Slov.  bogataš, Rom. bogăţie — Slov.  bogastvo). The etymon is common, 

Sl. bogatŭ. Through derivative mechanisms specific for each language, the last pair was formally differen-

tiated. 

Common names which designate ways of communication 

A very well represented lexical field for both languages is the one of words designating ways of com-

munication. In this field, there appear more semantic, stylistic and functional limitations, motivated by the 

different etymology, by the different capacity of creating new words in each language, as well as the differ-

ent stylistic preferences. 



Rom. uliţă — Slov. ulica 

Present in the two languages with minimum differences in form, with a common Slav etimology, ulica, 

the terms are different in what concerns the sense and the utilization. For the Romanian, the Explanatory 

Dictionary registers the following meanings: 1. «narrow road which goes through a village (seldom a city) 

boarded on both sides by houses»; 2. (collective) «people who live in the houses situated on the same lane». 

Moreover, it is registered a contextual sense in the expression a bate uliţele «to wander around». 

E Slovenian, ulica is a neuter term, with no sense limitations or occurrence in expressive contexts. 



Rom. potecă — Slov. pot 

The words have the same meaning and similar forms in the two languages. In Romanian, the word is 

registered with the Bulgarian etymon păteka, while in Slovenian it derives from the ancient Slav. 

If in Romanian the only preserved sense is that of «very narrow road in the countryside, in the moun-

tains, in the forest, where you can only walk, pathway» and, by extension «path, road», as well as the expres-

sions a şti toate potecile- «to know all the secrets of a person», pe toate potecile - «everywhere», a veni (a 

umbla) pe drum, nu pe potecă - «to speak sincerely, openly», in Slovenian the word appears and it’s pre-

served in expressions such as ca srečno pot, službena pot, translatable by «Farewell!» and «business trip» 

respectively. Other notable expressions are: pot do uspeha - «the road to success», glasbena pot - «musical 

career», življenjska pot – «the road of life», druge poti ni «there is no other way», poti nazaj ni «there is no 

turning back».Beside this, the word formed a strong lexical family: potovanje - «journey», potovati – «to 

traveli», napotiti (se) – «to send», napotnica - «medical referral», popotnik «tripper, adventurer», sopotnik 

«travel companion». 

One last difference regards the pair: 



Rom. strada — Slov. cesta 

The Romanian has taken over the term from Neo-Greek stráta and the Italian strada respectively, while 

the Slovenian has a specific term, unique in the Slav space, cesta, most probably created under German in-

fluence through composition (cesta ulica) (Hamp 2004: 3–6). The term also entered the composition of word 

such as cestnina «road fee». 

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