2. Classic Latin alphabet and methods of adaptation
The classic Roman alphabet consists of 26 letters: Аa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll,
Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz. It is the basis of the writing of Romanic,
Germanic and many other languages.
In the process of its adaptation to the phonetic systems of some languages there was a problem of
indication of sounds which had no corresponding letters in the Latin alphabet. There are the
following methods of adaptation:
1. Addition of the new letters to the alphabet, for example: ŋ, ç, ş.
2. The use of diacritical marks, for example: á, ä, ğ.
3. The use of negative diacritics, such as the Turkish I («ы» sound in Kazakh language) –
without a point i.
4. The use of a number of letters to write one sound (examples: “sh” in english, “sch” in
german to indicate the Kazakh sound «ш», “ch” in English and “tsch” in German to indicate the
Kazakh sound «ч», etc.).
5. The use of a number of letters and diacritical mark to indicate one sound, for example, “c'h”
in modern Breton is «x» in Kazakh.
6. Change of the value of one or more letters, for example letter “x” indicates:
1)
Kazakh sound «ш» in Portugal;
2)
Kazakh sound «ы» In Polish.
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