1/2 – СЕКЦИЯ “CURRENT TRENDS IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP”
УДК 33(094)
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF BRANDING
Faculty of Administrative and Economic science
Department of Marketing
Yeleubayeva Alina
Abstract. Brands have become a major player in modern society. In fact they are everywhere. They
penetrate all spheres of our life: economic, social, cultural, sporting, even religion. Corporations spend
millions planning and implementing brand activities. Since the mid-80s, in particular, researchers and
practitioners alike have explored the domain, scope and potential of the brand. Many different concepts,
theoretical frameworks and ideas have seen the light of day and, as a result, a wide spectrum of different
perspectives on how a brand ought to be conceptualized and managed is in play today. Branding has
emerged as a top management priority in the last decade due to the growing realization that brands are
one of the most valuable intangible assets that firms have. Driven in part by this intense industry interest,
academic researchers have explored a number of different brand-related topics in recent years,
generating scores of papers, articles, research reports, and books. This paper identifies the short
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theoretical background of a branding, such as history of appearing of the word “brand”, and important
terms in branding area.
Keywords: brand; branding; brand equity; brand personality
1.Introduction
As the world becomes more competitive with each passing day, branding plays a pivotal role
to thrust a business forward and give it a competitive edge. In today's world, a brand is the most valuable
thing occupying quiet a chunk of the consumer's mind. It creates a separate identity for competitors and
helps create recalling value for a product. Brands are in stores, in advertisements, television commercials
and with the internet, they are everywhere we look, while browsing through the vast networks of our
interests. Brands are extremely fascinating. Looking out into the world today, it’s easy to see why brands
are more important now than at any time in the past 100 years. Products have life cycles. Brands outlive
products. Brands convey a uniform quality, credibility and experience. Brands are valuable. Be it logo,
name, symbol or design – a brand creates a face value of a company in front of the world. A company's
name is often visually expressed through a logo and this helps in creating an inherent value for any
business. With each passing day branding is becoming an effective tool to bring-in new customers, as
well as building relationships with them since nowadays, brands that are customer-centric hold more
value. In consumer marketing, brands often provide the primary points of differentiation between
competitive offerings, and as such they can be critical to the success of companies. Brands create
customer value because they reduce both the effort and the risk of buying things, and therefore give
suppliers and incentive to invest in quality and innovation. Branding can also enhance the customer’s
experience aesthetically and psychologically.
Everyone is driven by brands and the values, emotions, promises and quality hidden within the
brand. Brands are so much more than just a name, which has been recognized by many corporate leaders,
who have adapted complex and fundamental brand management strategies to drive their companies and
their brands towards success. The process of brand management has grown in importance and the way
brands are managed has changed. Though the concept of brand and branding has been debated recently
as a major topic of study in marketing discipline (Moore, Karl and Reid, Susan, 2008) but they are
almost as old as civilization. Old civilization of Mesopotamia and Greek used marks and names to
identify or indicate their offerings - predominantly of wines, ointments, pots or metals (Sarkar and Singh,
2005). The word brand is derived from Old Norse word brand, which means “to burn” (an identifying
mark burned on livestock with a heated iron) as brands were and still are the means by which owners of
livestock mark their animals to identify them. Branding consists in transforming the product category;
it requires a corporate long term involvement, a high level of resources and skills (Kapferer, 2004).
According to Moore et.al.(2008) a good portion of the research on brand is devoted to building better
understanding in the area of brand choice(or preference),brand switching, brand loyalty and brand
extensions. Interestingly, very few of the studies have taken the approach of asking the question: What
is a brand? The issue becomes more complicated when we try to operationalise the brand: Measurement
of brand strength. What indicators (factors) should we use to evaluate the brand value (equity) (Kapferer,
2004)?
The current paper has a lot of definition of brand by various experts. The definitions have been
searched by using the E-Journals and Google scholar using the key word brand, definition of brand and
brand meaning. It would be very difficult to do the justice with all the individual definitions if analyzed
separately. The aim of this paper is to lay the foundations for establishing a theory of the brand. The
paper opens with a review of the relevant information about branding literature to understand the
problem of developing successful brands.
2.Theoretical framework and hypothesis development
What is a brand?
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The brand is and has been defined in many different ways over the years, depending on the perspective
from which the brand is perceived. In the classical definition, the brand is linked to the identification of
a product and the differentiation from its competitors, through the use of a certain name, logo, design or
other visual signs and symbols. The American Marketing Association (AMA) defined the brand in 1960
as:
“a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them which is intended to identify the goods
or services of one seller or a group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors”.
Many sources have their own description for the word brand and that definition has changed over the
course of time quite dramatically, but (Keller, 1998) gives a traditional definition of a brand:
“a brand is a set of mental associations, held by the consumer, which add to the perceived value of a
product or service”.
By the Aakers explanations, brand means:
“Far more than a name and logo, [a brand] is an organization’s promise to a customer to deliver what
the brand stands for not only in terms of functional benefits but also emotional, self-expressive, and
social benefits.”
The key terms in “branding” area
Brand image- The image of the brand is the perception of the brand by consumers. The goal of working
strategically with brand image is to ensure that consumers hold strong and favorable associations of the
brand in their minds. The brand image typically consists of multiple concepts: perception, because the
brand is perceived; cognition, because that brand is cognitively evaluated; and finally attitude, because
consumers continuously after perceiving and evaluating what they perceive form attitudes about the
brand (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2002, p. 43; Keller 1993, 2003; Grunig 1993). Brand image is the
pivotal point of the consumer-based approach.
Brand equity- Fundamentally, the goal for any brand manager is to endow products and/or services with
brand equity (Park and Srinivasan 1994; Farquhar 1989). Brand equity defines the value of the brand
and can refer to two understandings of brand value, namely a strategic, subjective understanding or
brand equity as a financial, objective expression of the value of the brand.
Brand personality-Consumers display a tendency to endow brands with human-like personalities.
Working strategically with brand personalities has been a widespread practice for many years. The Big
Five of human personality psychology and Jungian archetypes are frameworks often implied to deepen
the symbolic exchange between brands and consumers. Brand personality is part of most identity
systems in the traditional brand.
Brand strategy- The aim of a brand strategy is to enhance the internal and external opportunities of the
brand. The brand strategy must be strategic, visionary and proactive rather than tactical and reactive.
Each brand must find its own holy grail to success – in the shape of a unique and relevant brand identity
and brand vision, which are the first elements that must be in place when developing a brand strategy.
The brand vision is brought to life through a customized brand strategy able to release the full potential
of the brand. Brand managers must have long-term rather than a short term focus. If the performance of
the brand is based on quarterly sales figures, chances are that the brand strategy will end up being much
more tactical than strategic, without enough visionary thinking to drive the growth and the strength of
the brand in the future.
Co-branding- This phenomenon is also called brand alliances or brand bundling. The two companies
should consider carefully what their strategic alliance means for their respective brand portfolios, as
their brands will become more associated in the future through the new product. Keller (2003)
Corporate brand- In most literature on corporate branding it is assumed that the energy and inspiration
of the brand stem from within the organization and that a branding strategy, in order to be successful,
requires the engagement of the whole corporation.
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Employee branding- Employee branding is defined as ‘the process by which employees internalize the
desired brand image and are motivated to project the image to customers and other organizational
constituents’ (Miles and Mangold 2004 p. 68
Employer branding- The term ‘employer branding’ relates to strategies for communicating about a
company as an attractive employer to both current and potential employees.
Living the brand- Employees are important bearers of the brand, especially when it comes to service
brands. ‘Living the brand’ is an end-goal in the process of engaging employees in the branding process.
Making employees live the brand mean that employees incorporate and live brand values and thereby
deliver the brand promise fully to consumers Ind (2001) and Karmark (2005).
Product brand- A product brand is a brand linked to the product and not to the corporation and describes
a situation where each individual product has its own brand. Choosing to brand the corporation or the
product is a question of brand architecture.
Service brand-Service brands are brands that sell services instead of products. This means that the brand
is experienced in the process of consuming the service and that the employee delivering the service
becomes a central communicator of the brand. (Vallaster and de Chernatony 2005, de Chernatony and
Drury 2004).
Viral branding- A marketer who applies a certain amount of ‘coolness’ to the brand often initiates viral
branding, the coolness starts a process where consumers spread the brand like a virus. Still, viral
branding implies a risk of a contrary marketing effort, where the brand is ‘hijacked’ and taken in
unintended directions through autonomous meaning-making among consumers.
Lets define the hypothesis of the paper.
H1. Brand positively influences on purchase intention.
H2. Brand positively effects on customer loyalty.
3. Research methodology
To test the hypothesis, we collected data using a standardized online survey on Facebook. Three product
categories were chosen to examine the influence of brand communication on consumer responses. The
product categories were infant nutrition, clothing, and mobile operators. This selection was based on
considerations regarding relevance and variance criteria. Construct equivalence was considered during
the selection process (Hair Jr. et al. 2010). The product categories are familiar and well known to
society . For each category, the respondent indicated a brand that he or she has “Liked” on
Facebook. We assume that consumers have been exposed to social media communication from
both companies and users from brands that they have “Liked” on Facebook. The product categories
and wide gamma of brands also reflect an extensive set of consumer products and provide
research generalizability.
A link to the questionnaire was available online for four weeks from March 1 to April 2, 2015. The
questionnaire was adopted to the existing research. Each respondent completed one version of the
questionnaire evaluating only one brand. A total of 100 questionnaires were completed. Invalid and
incomplete questionnaires were rejected. Females represented 59.9 percent of respondents. The
majority of the respondents were young people, 78 percent were 20 to 25 years old, 20 percent
were 26 to 35 years old, and the remainder were 36 to 55 years old.
3.Conclusion
The last few years of the 20
th
century saw a dramatic reappraisal of the role of brands in business
and society, and this continues. No doubt much of this was prompted by the frenzy of merger and
acquisition activity involving brand-owning companies in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The escalating
bid premiums involved in these contests alerted the interest of investors and analysts, who could find no
justification for these in either the share prices or in the accounts of the business in play. The first brand
valuations did much to explain where these hidden values lay and to expose the inadequacy of current
goodwill accounting. They also gave organizations serious cause to consider how well these assets were
being managed and in many cases to change fundamentally the nature of their business.
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According to the research hypothesis, we can say that brand positively influence on purchase
intention. Customers are loyal to the brand for the ratio of the price and quality of the product. Brand of
the company enhances the ability of customers to buy their products. Branding help to differentiate
product from competitors, so customer can choose what is the best for him. Now we are seeing the
extension of branding techniques to almost every corner of commerce and society. In societies that
permit free choice the success of brands will always depend on how well their owners can build and
maintain trust. As long as trust remains the central guiding principle of brand-owning organizations, this
can only be in the general interest.
References:
1.
Jean-Noel Kapfere (1988) : The New Strategic Brand Management: Advanced Insights and
Strategic Thinking
2.
Park, C. S. and Srinivasan, V. (1994): ‘A survey-based method for measuring and understanding
brand equity and its extendibility’, Journal of Marketing Research
3.
Aaker, D. A. and Joachimsthaler, E. (2002):
Brand Leadership, Sydney: Free Press Business
4.
Tilde Heding, Charlotte F. Knudtzen and Mogens Bjerre(2009) :
Brand Management/Research, theory and practice
5.
The Economist Newspaper Ltd.: Rita Clifton (2009) :Brands and Branding
УДК 330.112.1
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF JOB SATISFACTION AND MOTIVATION IM
HEALTHCARE
Bolat A.B.
Suleyman Demirel University
Annotation
As a human being we used to understand a term medicine from a patient side and in this article.
The aim of this article is to try to explain importance of motivation and working conditions in healthcare
system. By understanding what satisfies medical workers and what motivates them best, one day we
will increase the level of medicine in our country, consequently we will not afraid of helpless old age,
or afraid for future of our children.
Key words: job satisfaction, motivation, employees, workplace, healthcare
Түйіндеме
Адам баласы ретінде біз денсаулық сақтау саласын тек науқас тарапынан көріп үйренгенбіз
және бұл мақалада. Бұл мақаланың мақсаты денсаулық сақтау саласында ынталандыру мен
жумыспен қанағаттанудың маңыздылығын түсіндіру. Медициналық жұмыскерлерді не
қанағаттындыратынын және не ынталандыратнын түсіну арқылы, бір күні біз еліміздегі
денсаулық сақтау жүйесін көтеріп, соның арқасында жәрдемсіз кәріліктен және
балаларымыздың келешегі үшін қорықпайтын боламыз.
Түйінді сөздер: жұмыспен қанағаттану, ынталандыру, жұмыскерлер, жумыс орны,
денсаулық сақтау.
Аннотация
Как обычные люди, мы привыкли видеть медицину только в качестве пациентов и в этой
статье. Цель этой статьи заключается в том чтобы объяснить важность мотивации и условий
труда в системе здравоохранения в нашей стране. Через понимание того, что удовлетворяет
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медицинских работников и что мотивирует их лучше, в один прекрасный день мы увеличим
уровень медицины в нашей стране, поэтому мы не будем бояться беспомощной старости, или
боятся за будущее наших детей.
Ключевые слова: Удовлетворенность работой, мотивация, работники, рабочее место,
здравохранение.
Medicine in Kazakhstan, as in the other country, is designed to protect the health and welfare of
the citizens of Kazakhstan. The health care system of Kazakhstan is currently in transition to a market
economy.State regulation of health care in the Republic of Kazakhstan is the responsibility of the
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 80% of health facilities in Kazakhstan are state-
owned. That is why the state plays an important role in medicine. The share of private medicine is bigger
in some sectors (for example, 70% of dental clinics are private), but, in general, health and local
government under the control of the republican state bodies. In the whole country provide health services
54,800 doctors and 117,000 nurses.
The purpose of this article is to try to explain importance of motivation and working conditions in
healthcare system.
In connection with the purpose the objectives of the study are as follows:
- Identify what motivates medical workers
- Identify how much they are satisfied with their job
General requirements to get satisfaction from job are comparably high wage, fairly distributed
wage, real opportunities in carrier growing, polite and peer directing, reasonable degree of social
interactions at work, different and interesting challenges, high degree of independence. However degree
of satisfaction of one specific person depends either on worker’s personnel needs and expectations,
either on work environment /1/. It's assumed that a question of satisfaction of workers with their job
attracted the attention already in the 30-ies of XX century. Over the past half-century published a
sufficient number of articles on various aspects. Nowadays the objects of research are becoming the new
issues that require both theoretical and empirical analysis. Researchers explain it to the fact that this
form of life, as work takes a person’s 1/3 of the time during which person is active, and there is no other
field of activity, which would be comparable to work on time-consuming. Indeed, the question of
attitude toward work and job satisfaction, in recent years, have been the subject of research of many
scientists from different countries /2/. In my opinion, this is due to the fact that modern production
depends not only on material factors, but also on dramatically increased influence and role of the human
factor. The term "human factor" or "ergonomics" by itself implies the research based order concerned
with the comprehension of connection among people and the profession that applies hypothesis,
standarts, information and systems to design human prosperity /3/.
Below we are going to consider some definitions of different authors who claimed what "job
satisfaction" is. The formal meaning of the job satisfaction could be followed back to the investigations
of Fisher and Hanna in the year 1931. In view of measures of contextual investigations, they portrayed
the satisfaction with job as: a result of non-administrative inclination propensity /4/. In the year 1974,
Churchill et al. wrote an article called "Measuring the Job Satisfaction of Industrial Salesmen" and made
it clear that: job satisfaction, as an established idea, contains the features of the work related
environment. In a positive estimation of the established idea of job satisfaction, Churchill gave an
operational meaning of the employment fulfillment, the work-related friendship states covering five
features, that are the supervisors, the jobs, the work colleagues, the compensation and the promotion
opportunities. /5/. In 1976, Locke enhanced the investigation of Fisher and proposed the meaning of the
job satisfaction with expansive impacts, “job satisfaction is a pleasurable or positive emotional state
resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences”. At that point, job satisfaction is
progressively taken as a full of feeling reflection to the work /6/.
In the year 1985, Organ and Near perceived that the job satisfaction could be characterized in
point of view of warmth or investigated in viewpoint of discernment. In light of the viewpoint of
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comprehension, job satisfaction is translated as an understanding of a psychological process of
recognition, including the consciousness, the perception, the reasoning, the judgment, and other aspects
/7/
In the year 1989, Brief abridged past looks into and proposed an oddity and said that the job
satisfaction is normally explained as “the statement of internal state, reflected by affection or cognition,
about liking or disliking the job and the degree”. The estimation of job satisfaction principally
concentrates on the perception. In the year 1998, on the premise of paradox theory, Brief characterized
the job satisfaction as: the announcement of interior state, reflected by fondness or cognition, about
enjoying or disliking the employment and the degree. /8/.
Coming into the 21st century, Weiss set forward a meaning of the job satisfaction in the year 2002.
The meaning of the job satisfaction by Weiss was more understandable: “the job satisfaction is a single
person's positive measurable judgment on his or her working conditions”. Weiss viewed the job
satisfaction as an inside state, which was an emotional assessment at work by preferring or detesting
and the degree. In this way, the job satisfaction is about the attitude /9/. In the year 2006, Harrison and
his partners wrote an article “How important are job attitudes?” wrote that meta-analytic correlations of
integrative behavioral results and time sequences and what's more brought up that the job satisfaction is
a sort of job attitude.
For translating ideas into action management serves as a motivation. In the context of management
science motivation is defined as follows: “Motivation is a theoretical construct used to
explain behavior.
It represents the reasons for people's actions, desires, and needs. Motivation can
also be defined as one's
direction to behavior or what causes a person to want to repeat a behavior
and vice versa.” /12/
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