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struggling to get our message across, or being taken in by someone who is trying somehow to cheat us.
However, by understanding how discourse works we will be able to understand people better and commu-
nicate more effectively. Studying discourse analysis, however, can teach us more than that.
As the way we use the language (i.e. discourse) is closely connected with our social identities and our
social relationships, discourse analysis can help us to understand how the societies in which we live are put
together and how they are maintained through our day to day activities of speaking, writing and making use
of other modes of communication. It can help us to understand why people interact with one another the
way they do and how they exert power and influence over one another, how and why they view and inter-
pret reality differently. The study of discourse analysis, then, is not just the study of how we use language.
It is also indirectly the study of our interrelations, politics, power, and many other aspects of our lives.
For the discourse analyst, the purpose of research is not to get ‘behind’ the discourse, to find out what
people really mean when they say this or that, or to discover the reality behind the discourse. The starting
point is that reality can never be reached outside discourses and so it is discourse itself that has become
the object of analysis. In discourse analytical research, the primary exercise is not to sort out which
of the statements about the world in the research material are right and which are wrong (although a critical
evaluation can be carried out at a later stage in the analysis). On the contrary, the analyst has to work with
what has actually been said or written, exploring patterns in and across the statements andidentifying the
social consequences of different discursive representations of reality [3].
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