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Degrees,position and functions of stress in English
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| Degrees,position and functions of stress in English
he English language is analysed not only in terms of increasing the itensity of vowel sounds, but also due to changes in the quality of vowels, consonants and tone of voice. Russian word stress is not only dynamic ,but mostly quantitative and qualitative. The Length of Russian vowels always depens on the position they occupy in the world. The quality of unstressed vowels in Russian can differ markedly from the quality of the same stressed vowels. Difficulties in setting stress characteristics of the accent structure of the English language are associated with the special meaning of vowels. In the same positions, the intensity of English vowels is different. The most intense is: [a], then follow: [з:], [i:], [u:], [æ], [σ], [e], [υ], [i]. All English vowels can occur in accented syllables, with the only exception being [ə], which is never stressed. The English vowels i, u, u tend to occur in unstressed syllables. Syllables with l, m, n are never stressed. Unstressed diphthongs may partially lose their sound quality. A functional approach to stress allows us to analyze a word from the point of view of an accenteme - a phonologica unit of the prosodic level, which is a set of stresses that differ in strength. For example, the accenteme of the word "combination" [ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃn] isrepresented by 3 specific syllables with different degrees of stress: [kɒm] - weakly stressed, [bɪ] - unstressed, [neɪʃn] - strongly stressed. British phoneticans distinguish three degrees of word stress: 1) the main stress falls on the main stressed syllable; 2) secondary stress falls on a semi-stressed syllable; 3) weak stress falls on unstressed syllables. The main stress is indicated by a vertial line above before the beginninig of the syllable and the secondary stress is indicated by a line below. Weak stress is not distinguished by separate icons.The word indivisibility [ˈɪn-dɪ-ˌvɪ-zɪ-ˈbɪ-lɪ-tɪ] consists of seven syllables, the third and seventh syllables from the end of the word have a main stress, the fifth syllable from the end of the word has a secondary stress, the remaining four are unstressed. You need to khow that in every five- or six-syllable word with the main stress on the third syllable from the end, there should be a secondary strees on the first or second syllable from the beginning of the word. Some words consisting of two morphemes have two main stresses: re-write [ˈrɪ-ˈraɪt], fourteen [ˈfɔ:-ˈti:n]. This testifies to the semantic significance of these morphemes. Such a system difffers significantly from the properties of secondary stress , which: 1) weaker than English; 2) occurs only in polysyllabic words rormed from two or more stems (navigator, long-playing). This property of the English minor stress is a source of constants mistakes by students who instead of [,deməns'trei∫ən] pronounce [,demʌns'trei∫ən], or instead of [,rezə'lu:∫ən] they pronounce [,rezʌ'lu:∫ n], i.e. instead of two streesses - main and secondary - only the main one is used, which as a result changes the sound image of the word. Most English words have two main stresses, which come from prefixes and suffixes. One of the stresses lies on the root syllable, the other falls on the prefix or suffix [‘trʌs’ti:] - trustee, ['i'm ɔ: t (ə) l] - immortal. The position of werd stress in English is a product of mainly historical development, which is determined by the influence of two trends: recessive and rhythmic. The recessive trend is the most ancient. It consists in the emphasis on the root syllable. Thus, most words of Germanic origin are stressed on the first syllable: ˈclever, ˈbody, ˈwater, ˈsinging. If the word contains a prefix with a referential meaning, the stress shifts to the first root syllable: beˈgin, misˈtake. The recesssive trend is the result of the influence of German and French accent patterns. It is understood that the third syllable from the end of the word is stressed: ar-ˈti-cu-late. Rhythmic stress is typical for words with suffixes -ate, -fy, -ize: appˈropriate, ˈsimplify, ˈlegalize. Most disyllabic words have a recessive stress on the root syllable: ˈfinish, ˈanswer. Some French loanwords keep the stress on the last syllable: emˈpire, gouˈache. In three-syllable words, the stress is the third syllable fromm the end: ˈenergy, ˈirony. Four-syllable words can have both recessive and rhythmic stress: ˈarchitect, reˈmarkable, ˈcriticism. Representatives of the American phonological school B. Block, J. Trager, G.A. Gleason, in addition to the three named degrees of stress, an additional fourth degree of stress is distinguished - tertiary stress. The tertiary stress in terms of the degree of emphasis is equal to the secondary one and differs from the latter only in the position in the word. The tertiary stress occupies a position behind the main stress, while the minor stress precedes the main one. Tertiary stress is most often associiated with American English, where in words with the suffixes -ary, -ory, -ony, the penultimate syllables receives this type of emphasis: dictionary [ˈdɪkʃəˌnerɪ], territory [ˈterɪˌtɔ:rɪ], ceremony [ˈserɪˌməʊnɪ]. The definition of word stress in an English word often present a certain difficulty for language learners. First, it is necessary to determine the presence of prefixes, or prefixes, and suffixes in the word, since the prefixes of verbs, adjectives, adverb, prepositions do not take on the stress, but shift it to the root, and some suffixes affect the position of the stress in the word. Secondly, in English, especially in polysyllabic words, there is a discrepancy between the nummber of graphic syllables, which is formally equal to the number of vowels read in a complex and always included in one syllable, per letter, and the number of actually pronounced syllables, each of which,contains one vowel or diphthong. First of all, the distribution of stress is influenced by the syllables actually spoken. For example: `literature - literature; `interesting - interesting. However, most of the most common English words are one-three-syllable and the distrbution of stress in them is subject to the following rules. The stress in the vast majority of English two-syllable words falls, as a rule, on the initial syllable, ubless it is a prefix. In many trisyllabic and polysyllabic words, the third syllable, counted from the end of the word, is stressed. If the word is two-syllable, then the second syllable from the end is stressed. To correctly determine the stress, you need to know the suffixes and, above all, the prefixes of the English language. In words ending in a suffix like "-ion", the stress falls on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix. Suffixes of this type include: -i+on, -i+ous, -i+al, -i+an, -i+ant, -i+ance, -i+ent, -i+ence. The syllable preceding the suffix -ic (-ical) is always stressed: re`publicc - republic, peri`odical - periodic. The stress retains its original place in words if they are formed by adding suffixes and endings: -ly, -ful, -less, -nees, -ism, -ing, -er, -or, -(e)d, -( e)s, for example: `use - `useless. Prefixes are most commoonly found on verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. These prefixes remain unstressed: (de-) defend - to defend (sya), (for-) forgive - to forgive, (mis-) mistake - to make mistakes; error, (per-) permit - allow, (pre-) prescribe - prescribe, (pro-) produce - produce, (re-) repeat - repeat, (un-) unhappy - unhappy. To recognize a prefix in the case of a double consonant in the middle of a word, there is the following rule: doubling voiced consonannts after co-, i-, voiceless consonants after o-, su-, di-, e-, any consonants after a- signals the presence of prefixes con- , in-, ob-, sub-, dis-, ex-, ad-. For example: connect, collect, immerse, oppose, suppose, diffuse, attest. In English, theere are verbs with prefixes that do not graphically differ from nouns. The only means of difference is the stress, which in the verb falls on the root, and in the noun - on the prefix, for example: dic`tate dictate - `dictate prescription, in`crease increase - `increase increase, con`duct lead - `conduct behaviour Like any phonetic phenomenon, stress must be analyzed from a functional (linguistic) point of view. Speaking about the posiition of stress in a word and its significance for determining a language unit in speech, one cannot fail to mention the functions that the stress setting performs. English language is analyzed not only in terms of increasing the intensity of vowel sounds, but also due to changes in the quality of vowels, consonants and tone of voice. Russian word streess is not only dynamic, but mostly quantitative and qualitative. The length of Russian vowels always depends on the position they occupy in the word. The quality of unstressed vowels in Russian can differ markedly from the quality of the same stressed vowels. Difficulties in setting stress, characcteristic of the accent structure of the English language, are associated with the special meaning of vowels. In the same positions, the intensity of English vowels is different. The most intense is: [a], then follow: [з:], [i:], [u:], [æ], [σ], [e], [υ], [i]. All English vowels can occur in accented syllables, with the onlly exception being [ə], which is never stressed. The English vowels i, u, u tend to occur in unstressed syllables. Syllables with l, m, n are never stressed. Unstressed diphthongs may partially lose their sound quality. A functional approach to stress allows us to analyze a word from the point of view of an accenteme - a phonological unit of the prosodic level, which is a set of stresses that differ in strength. For examples , the accenteme of the word "combination" [ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃn] isrepresented by 3 specific syllables with diffeerent degrees of stress: [kɒm] - weakly stressed, [bɪ] - unstressed, [neɪʃn] - strongly stressed. British phoneticians distinguish three degrees of word stress: 1) the main stress falls on the main stressed syllable; 2) secondary stress falls on a semi-stressed syllable; 3) weak stress falls on unstresed syllables. The main (main) stresss is indicated by a vertical line above before the beginning of the syllable, and the secondary stress is indicated by a line below. Weak stress is not distinguished by separate icons. For example, the word infinitive [ɪn-ˈfɪ-nɪ-tɪv] consists of four syllabless, the third syllable from the end is stresse, the remaining three syllables are unstressed. The word indivisibility [ˈɪn-dɪ-ˌvɪ-zɪ-ˈbɪ-lɪ-tɪ] consists of seven syllables, the third and seventh syllables from the end of the word have a main stress, the fiffth syllable from the end of the word has a secondary stress, the remainning four are unstressed. You need to know that in every five- or six-syllable word with the main stress on the third syllable from the end, there should be a secondary strees on the first or second syllable from the beginninng of the word. Some words consistiing of two morphemes have two main stresses: re-write [ˈrɪ-ˈraɪt], fourteen [ˈfɔ:-ˈti:n]. This testifies to the semantic significance of these morphemes. Such a system differs significantly from the properties of secoondary stress , which: 1) weaker than English; 2) occurs only in polysyllabic words rormed from two or more stems (navigator, long-playing). This property of the English minor stress is a source of constantss mistakes by students who instead of [,deməns'trei∫ən] pronounce [,demʌns'trei∫ən], or instead of [,rezə'lu:∫ən] they pronounce [,rezʌ'lu:∫ n], i.e. instead of two stresses - main and secondary - only the main one is used, which as a result changes the sound image of the word. Most English worrds have two main stresses, which come from prefixes and suffixes. One of the stresses lies on the root syllable, the other falls on the prefix or suffix [‘trʌs’ti:] - trustee, ['i'm ɔ: t (ə) l] - immortal. The position of word stress in English is a product of mainly historical development, which is determined by the influence of two trends: recessive and rhytnmic. The recessive trend is the most ancient. It consists in the emphasis on the root syllable. Thus, most words of Germanic origin are stressed on the first syllable: ˈclever, ˈbody, ˈwater, ˈsinging. If the word contains a prefix with a referential meaning, the stress shifts to the first root syllable: beˈgin, misˈtake. The recessive trend is the result of the influence of German and French accent patterns. It is understood that the third syllable from the end of the word is stressed: ar-ˈti-cu-late. Rhythmiic stress is typical for words with suffixes -ate, -fy, -ize: appˈropriate, ˈsimplify, ˈlegalize. Most disyllabic words have a recessive stress on the root syllable: ˈfinish, ˈanswer. Some French loanworrds keep the stress on the last syllables : emˈpire, gouˈache. In three-syllable words, the stress is the third syllable from the end: ˈenergy, ˈirony. Four-syllable words can have both recessive and rhythmic stress: ˈarchitect, reˈmarkable, ˈcriticism nd is stressed. To correctly determine the stress, you need to know the sufffixes and, above all, the prefixes of the English language. In words ending in a suffix like "-ion", the stress falls on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix. Suffixes of this type include: -i+on, -i+ous, -i+al, -i+an, -i+ant, -i+ance, -i+ent, -i+ence. The syllable preceedingg the suffix -ic (-ical) is always stressed: re`public - republic, peri`odical - periodic. The stress retains its original place in words if they are formed by adding suffixes and endings: -ly, -ful, -less, -nees, -ism, -ing, -er, -or, -(e)d, -( e)s, for example: `use - `useless. Prefixes are most commonlyy found on verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. These prefixes remain unstressed: (de-) defend - to defend (sya), (for-) forgive - to forgive, (mis-) mistake - to make mistakes; error, (per-) permit - allow, (pre-) prescribe - prescribe, (pro-) produce - produce, (re-) repeat - repeat, (un-) unhappy - unhappy. To a prefix in the case of a double consonant in the middle of a word, there is the following rule: doubling voiced consonants after co-, i-, voiceless consonants after o-, su-, di-, e-, any consonaants after a- signals the presence of prefixes con- , in-, ob-, sub-, dis-, ex-, ad-. For example: connect, collect, immerse, oppose, suppose, diffuse, attest. In English, there are verbs with prefixes that do not graphically differ from nouns. The only means of difference is the stress, which in the verb falls on the root, and in the noun - on the prefix, for example: dic`tate dictate - `dictate prescriptiion, in`crease increase - `increase increase, con`duct lead - `conduct behavior. Like any phonetic phenomenon, stress must be analyzed from a functional (linguistic) point of view. Speaking about the posiition of stress in a word and its significance for determining a language unit in speech, one cannot fail to mention the functions that the stress setting performs. The first function of word stress is constitutive. Word stress gives the word a clear, definite form, organises the word into a complex sound unit, at the same time highlighting any syllable or syllables in it. The second function of word stress is differential. This function makes the word stress a separatesuprasegmental (super-segmental) phonololgical unit, which can be called an accenteme. The opposition of main and unstressed syllables with an accent illustrates the differential function of word stress: 'import (noun) – imˈport (verb). In these paromers, stress distinguishes parts of speech. Verbal stress plays a significant role in the semantic distinction of words: a ˈblackbird (thrush) - a ˈblack ˈbird (black bird), a ˈblackboard (chalkboard) - a ˈblack ˈboard (black board), a ˈgoldfish (goldfish) - a ˈgold ˈfish ( golden fish). The third functionss of word stress is recognitive. It consists in the correct accentuation of words, which facilitates their recognition and understanding. Incorrect accentuation of words not only indicates the accent of the speaker, but also makes it difficult to understsand his speech. Thus, it can be summarized that certain patterns can be traced in the placement of stress. Thus, all English vowels can occur in accented syllables expect [ə], which is never stressed. English vowels i, u, u tend to yu occur in unstressed syllables, and syllables with l, m, n are niver stressed. In addition, three degrees of verbal stress can be distinguished, where the main stress falls on the main stressed syllable; secondary stress falls on a semi -stressed syllable; or weak stress falls on unstressed syllables. When placing stress, it is necessary to take into account the originall of the word, what part of speech it is, the presence of prefixes and suffixes. Stress has three functions: constitutive, differential and recognitive. They are responssible for organizing a word into a sound unit, for the ability to define a word as a part of sppeech without context, and for simplifiied recognition and understanding of speech by ear. жүктеу/скачать 54,19 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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