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Word stress in the speech of Elizabeth II
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| 2. Word stress in the speech of Elizabeth II
2.1. Еmphatic stress Emphatic stress can be used in a sentence, usually to compare, correct, or clarify something. Emphatic stress emphasizes the word that the speaker considers the most important, and in this case even a function word can become stressed. Tina gave the book to Ann. -Tina gave the book to ANNA. I said that Max gave the book to Ann. - I said that MAX gave the book to Anna. HE gave her the book. - HE gave her a book. Sentence stress is not just a phonetic feature of the English language. It has a very important function of highlighting words that are needed to understand the utterance. When native English speakers listen to their interlocutors they expect to hear stressed words because stressed words provide important information. It is often difficult to understand the meaning of a sentence in which at least one significant word is missing. It is also difficult to understand a sentence in which the important word is not stressed or the functional word is stressed. Unstressed functional words make sentences grammatically correct. They aren’t very important in terms of the information they provide, and their meaning is usually clear from their immediate surroundings in the sentence. Even if you do not catch some quickly pronounced functional words, the meaning of the entire sentence will be clear to you. For example, a message from your friend says: “Missed train back Sunday”- Missed train back Sunday. You will understand what this means “I missed my train. I'll be back on Sunday”- I missed my train. I will be back on Sunday, right? Only significant words are written in this message, but the meaning is clear. In the same way, we must listen to the stressed significant words in a speech in order to understand the meaning of the entire utterance. And we need to emphasize meaningful words in our speech so that other people can understand us. For speech analysis, I chose the speech of Elizabeth II before the General Assembly, and using this text as an example, I would like to show what patterns of stress supply prevail in English speech. Speaking about the place of stress, one can distinguish stress at the beginning, middle and end of a word. The stress at the beginning of a word can be illustrated with words such as: mister [ˈmɪstə], president [ˈprɛzɪdənt], members [ˈmɛmbəz], general [ˈʤɛnərəl], widely [ˈwaɪdli], travelled [ˈtrævld], leaders [ˈliːdəz], statesmen [ˈsteɪtsmən] , nations [ˈneɪʃənz], also [ˈɔːlsəʊ], witnessed [ˈwɪtnɪst], better [ˈbɛtə], social [ˈsəʊʃəl ], governments [ˈgʌvnmənts ], central [ˈsɛntrəl], millions [ˈmɪljənz], changes [ˈʧe ɪnʤɪz], Commonwealth [ˈkɒmənwɛlθ] , failure [ˈfeɪljə], prospered [ˈprɒspəd], attitudes [ˈætɪtjuːdz], leadership [ˈliːdəʃɪp], Charter [ˈʧɑːtə], justice [ˈʤʌstɪs], hunger [ˈhʌŋgə], poverty [ˈpɒvəti], liberties [ˈl ɪbətiz], citizen [ˈsɪtɪzn] , conflict [ˈkɒnflɪkt], natural [ˈnæʧrəl], constant [ˈkɒnstənt], surgeon [ˈsɜːʤən], practice [ˈpræktɪs], terrorism [ˈtɛrərɪzm], climate [ˈklaɪmɪt], vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəbl], talent [ˈ tælənt], public [ˈpʌblɪk] , colleagues [ˈkɒliːgz], predecessors [ˈpriːdɪsɛsəz], formula [ˈfɔːmjʊlə], efforts [ˈɛfəts]. The stress in the middle of the word is present in words such as: assembly [əˈsɛmbli], ambassadors [æmˈbæsədəz], around [əˈraʊnd], address [əˈdrɛs], remarkably [rɪˈmɑːkəbli], advances [ədˈvɑːnsɪz], committee [kəˈmɪti], directives [d ɪˈrɛktɪvz] , significant [sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt], responding [rɪsˈpɒndɪŋ], adapting [əˈdæptɪŋ], important [ɪmˈpɔːtənt], security [sɪˈkjʊərɪti], relive [riːˈlɪv], achievements [əˈʧiːvmənts], foreshadow [fɔːˈʃædəʊ], assistance [əˈsɪstəns], disasters [dɪˈzɑːstəz] , emergencies [ɪˈmɜːʤənsiz], effects [ɪˈfɛkts], former [ˈfɔːmə], attention [əˈtɛnʃ(ə)n], September [sɛpˈtɛmbə], development [dɪˈvɛləpmənt], distinctive [dɪsˈtɪŋktɪv], pleasure [kə nˈgrætjʊleɪt], encouraging [ɪnˈkʌrɪʤɪŋ], enthusiasm [ɪnˈθjuːzɪæzm], inspiration [ɪnspəˈreɪʃən], diplomatic [dɪpləˈmatɪk]. End-of-word stress is defined in words such as: believe [bɪˈliːv], today [təˈdeɪ], instead [ɪnˈstɛd], approach [əˈprəʊʧ], demise [dɪˈmaɪz], remove [rɪˈmuːv], disease [dɪˈziːz], protect [prəˈtɛkt] , supply [səˈplaɪ], agree [əˈgriː], contribution [kɒntrɪˈbjuːʃ(ə)n], organization [ɔːɡ(ə)nʌɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n], admiration [adməˈreɪʃ(ə)n], perhaps [pəˈhæps], combine [kəmˈbaɪn ]. A feature of the English accentuation system is the existence of a distinct secondary stress in polysyllabic words with more than four syllables. Secondary stress is placed, as a rule, on the second or third syllable from the main one. This property is associated with the rhythmic nature of the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in an English word and phrase. This pattern can be illustrated by such words as: operations [ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənz], overseas [ˌəʊvəˈsiːz], international [ˌɪntəˈnaʃ(ə)n(ə)l], humanitarian [hjʊˌmanɪˈtɛːrɪən], high-minded [ˌhaɪˈmaɪndɪd], reminisce [ˌrɛmɪˈnɪs], whole -hearted [ˈhəʊlˈhɑːtɪd], resolutions [ˌrezəˈluːʃənz]. Speaking about the tendencies of setting word stress, one can also have a recessive tendency and a rhythmic one. In the first case, in simple words, the stress falls on the first syllable; in the presence of a prefix with a referential meaning, it falls on the second syllable. If the word is borrowed from French, then the stress is placed on the last syllable. In the second case, stressed and unstressed syllables alternate. Most often, such words have prefixes -ate, -fy, ize. The recessive group includes: believe [bɪˈliːv], leaders [ˈliːdəz], ambassadors [æmˈbæsədəz], statesmen [ˈsteɪtsmən], attitudes [ˈætɪtjuːdz], advances [ədˈvɑːnsɪz], social [ˈsəʊʃəl], governments [ˈg ʌvnmənts], approach [əˈprəʊʧ], responding [rɪsˈpɒndɪŋ], adapting [əˈdæptɪŋ], important [ɪmˈpɔːtənt], security [sɪˈkjʊərɪti], justice [ˈʤʌstɪs], hunger [ˈhʌŋgə], poverty [ˈpɒvəti], liberties [ˈlɪbətiz ], citizen [ˈsɪtɪzn], conflict [ˈkɒnflɪkt], natural [ˈnæʧrəl], constant [ˈkɒnstənt], practice [ˈpræktɪs], members [ˈmɛmbəz], public [ˈpʌblɪk], encouraging [ɪnˈkʌrɪʤɪŋ]. The rhythmic group includes: president [ˈprɛzɪdənt], particularly [pəˈtɪkjʊləli], remarkably rɪˈmɑːkəbli], resolutions [ˌrɛzəˈluːʃənz ], significant [sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt], international [ˌɪntəˈnaʃ(ə)n(ə )l], assistance [əˈsɪstəns], disasters [ dɪˈzɑːstəz], congratulations [kənˈgrætjʊleɪt],. Thus, we can conclude that the English language is dominated by words in which the stress falls on the first syllable or the middle of the word. The Phenomenon of the presence of secondary stress in polysyllabic words with more than four syllables is quite common. This property is associated with the rhythmic nature of the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in an English word and phrase. Speaking about the recessive and rhythmic tendency of stress, you can see that there are much more words with recessive stress. This is due to the presence of referential prefixes, as well as a large amount of borrowing words from the Germanic and French languages. жүктеу/скачать 54,19 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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