ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
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Figure 1. The basic structure of AGROS
2.2.Water management module
The main target of the water management module contribute the yield and quality of the agricultural
crops and increase irrigation water use efficiency. It is based on the characteristics of plant, soil, meteorolog-
ical variables and parcel level information. In addition, water module use the satellite data for irrigation sys-
tem management. The basic output of the module are crop basis water consumption, irrigation water needs,
irrigation programs under different irrigation system such as drip, sprinkler etc. Data entry interface and user
panel of water management module are depicted in Figure 2-4. (FAO, 1994)
Figure 2. Data entry interface of water management
module
Figure 3. User panel of water management module
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
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Figure 4a. Output of the water management module
Figure 4b. Output of the water quality
2.3.Fertilizing management module
The fertilizing management module is based on the national level data and its fertilizing recommenda-
tions harmonious with the FAO approaches. The fertilizing management module prepare the fertilizing rec-
ommendation based on the results of past soil and plant analysis or soil parameters that users enter the sys-
tem and reports fertilizing program. This module is also used the results of plant analysis, data related water
management, meteorological data and geometric and topographic characteristics of parcel. The outputs of
the fertilizing management module are capacity of soil productivity, form and quantity of fertilizer, time and
style of fertilizer application and recommendation for soil problems. Data entry interface and user panel of
soil characteristics are depicted in Figure 5-7. Table 8 and 9 presents the plant analysis preface and output
of plant analysis (FAO, 2003, 2006a,b, 2008).
Figure 5. Registration panel for soil analysis
Figure 6a. Panel for selection soil parameters
Figure 6b. Panel for selection soil parameters
Figure 6c. Panel for selection soil parameters
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
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Figure 7a. Output of the fertilizing management
module
Figure 7b. Output of the fertilizing management
module
Figure 8. Plant analysis preface
Figure 9. Output of the plant analysis
2.4.Plant protection module
Plant protection module works based on the plant and meteorological data. Plant data base of the sys-
tem includes the data such as characteristics of plant disease and insects and plant protection product
against disease and insects. After selecting the crop, disease or insect is entered together with symptoms to
the system. Then system reports the recommendation. Diagnosing the disease or insects, measures against
disease and insects, time and dose recommendation, and determination of time between application time
and harvest are the basic outputs of the module (Tosun and Onan, 2014; Anonoymous 2016).
2.5.Economy module
The inputs of the economy model are basic farm characteristics (farmland, labor, capital etc.), parcel
based input use (seed, fertilizer, chemical etc.), parcel based output (production, yield etc.), input and output
market characteristics (input prices, output prices, marketing type etc.) and yield estimation based on time
series and satellite. This module includes the mathematical algorithms such as economic analysis, simplex
algorithm, partial budget analysis and risk analysis. Economy models reports the cropping pattern for maxi-
mum profit, breakeven price and yield, production cost for farm managers, insurance company and other
common users. In addition, system support the decision maker to decide economic feasibility of the new or
regeneration investment (Singh et al., 2008).
3.CONCLUSION
The suggested DSS, AGROS, will help the farmers to make effective management decision and to in-
crease their productivity by raising the yield of cash crops and to enhance their economic viability. This sys-
tem provide the all type of information related to crops to the farmers. Applications that are successfully de-
veloped using the database of the DSS are plant nutrition, plant protection, water and breakeven yield and
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
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price. If AGROS was implemented at village, district and national level, the model would provide valuable
information to producers’ union, banh and insurance company.
With growing population and demands for improved farm management, there is requirement to imple-
ment sustainable resource use that best serves the communities and the nation. To satisfy this need, the
DSS is developed to aid decision–makers and various stakeholders in identifying and assessing options for
resource uses. The DSS applies an integrative approach, combining biophysical data, perceptions and so-
cioeconomic conditions of the farmers for selected area. AGROS with all the ready information help the far-
mers in a very useful manner. The farmers can get all the information via computer.
Acknowledgements
The study was prepared by using the preliminary results of the project funded by Small and Medium
Enterprises Development Organization of Turkish Republic (KOSGEB) with the title of “Designing satellite
and farm level data based agricultural management system”.
References
Anonymous, 2016. Bitki Koruma Ürünleri veri tabanı.T.C. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Bitki
Koruma Ürünleri Daire Başkanlığı. Available at: https://bku.tarim.gov.tr [Access date: 01.03.2016].
Else, M.A., Stavridou, E., 2015. Developing a decision support system to improve crop management,
yield forecasting and resource use efficiency in UK soft fruit production. East Mailing Research, UK.
FAO,1994. Water quality for agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations.
FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29. Rome, Italy.
FAO,2003. Assessment of soil nutrient balance: Approaches and methodologies. Food and Agriculture
Organization of The United Nations. FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin No. 14. Rome, Italy.
FAO,2006a. Plant nutrition for food security. A guide for integrated nutrient management. Food and
Agriculture Organization of The United Nations. FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin No. 16. Rome,
Italy.
FAO,2006b. Fertilizer use by crop. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations. FAO
Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin No. 17. Rome, Italy.
FAO,2008. Efficiency of soil and fertilizer phosphorus use: Reconciling changing concepts of soil
phosphorus behaviour with agronomic information. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations.
FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin No. 18. Rome, Italy.
GWP, 2013. The role of decision support system and models in integrated river basin management.
Technical Focus Paper, Printed by Ljungbergs, UK.
Singh, M., Singh, P., Singh, S.P. 2008. Decision support system for farm management. World Acad-
emy of Science, Engineering and Technology 39: 346-349.
Tosun, N., Onan, E., 2015. Ruhsatlı bitki koruma ürünleri. Ugurer Tarım kitapları. 280p.
IMPORTANT WHEAT PESTS IN TURKEY
Izzet Akca
1,2
Islam Saruhan
1
Celal Tuncer
1
1
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Tur-
key.
2
Agrobigen Ltd. Co., Samsun Technopark, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55200 Samsun Turkey
Izzet Akca -
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University,
Agrobigen Ltd. Co., Samsun Technopark, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55200 Samsun Turkey
Islam Saruhan - Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture,
Ondokuz Mayis University,
Samsun 55139, Turkey.
Wheat is produced in 35% of the common cultivated area of Turkey. One of the most important prob-
lems causing the production loss and affect the quality of the wheat is the pests. Although it varies annually
based on the region, Eurygaster spp., Aelia spp., Aphids, Zabrus spp. and Anisoplia spp. are considered the
most important pests in wheat production.
Key words: Wheat, Pests, Turkey
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК
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INTRODUCTION
Wheat, which is among the cultivated plants that are used for nourishment, is ranked first in terms of
cultivation and production. The most important reason for it that because the wheat has a wide range of
adaptation ability (Sayan, 2010). 719,3 million ton wheat is produced in 223,9 million hectare are in the
world, and the average productivity is 3,21tonnes/ hectare, In Turkey, 19 million ton wheat is produced in 79
million hectare area, and the productivity is 243 tones/hectare. In other words, Turkey sustain the 4% of the
wheat production area and 3% of the wheat production in world (Anonymous, 2015). In solving the food
problems of the increasing population of the country, improvement of productivity of production of cultivated
plant in the limited cultivated area, is important. Besides, using quality seeds, fertilizing, improving the culti-
vation and harvesting methods, and knowing the pest that causes loss of production well and control me-
thods is importance.
The loss of production caused by pre-harvest diseases, pests and weed plants is 35% in the world
(Pimmental, 1984). Although, they varies in the years and the regions, the pests become an important prob-
lem in the cultivation areas of Turkey. The type of pests and their severity vary from area to area and from
year to year. Particularly in recent years, the pests, problems in wheat cultivation, caused usuaaly by Eury-
gaster spp.,Aelia spp, Aphids,Zabrus spp. and Anisoplia spp. (Avcı, 1998; Obalı, 2007; Anonymous, 2008;
Kınacıve ark., 2010; Sayan, 2010; Anonymous, 2011;Yulafçı, 2013; Kaplan, 2014 ). These pests affect the
productivity and quality of the product. Farmers use chemicals against to these pests to prevent them.
SOME IMPORTANT WHEAT PESTS
There are 4 main pests in the wheat fields in Turkey. These pests in terms of months can be seen ac-
cording to Table 1.
Table 1. The distribution of the pests in wheat fields during vegetation.
Pests
Months
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Eurygaster spp.
Aelia spp.
Zabrus spp.
Anisoplia spp.
Brief information about the biology and control methods of pests that are problem in wheat fields is
given below.
Sunn Pests (Wheat bugs), Eurygasterspp. and Aelia spp. (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)
The species that live in Turkey are Eurygaster integricepsPut., E. maura (L.), E. austriaca (Schr.)., A.
rostrata Boh., A. acuminate (L.), A. syriaca Horv., A.furcula Fieb., A.melanota Fieb., A.turanica Horv.,
A.virgata Klug., A.albovittata Fieb., A.cognata Fieb., A.germari Küst., A.klugi Hayn, A.sibirica Reut.
Sunn pests give one generation in a year. They spend winters in the mountains, under the plants such
as Oaks, Astragalaus, and Echinacea plants. When the weather warms up to 15-20 °C, they move to the
fields. The migrated adults cause ripening and drying of the wheat stems by sucking This form of damage is
called as“worm neck”. While the plants grow, they cause to a whitish color of ears, drying and thus, grains
binding of ears by eating them while the ears in the leaf shields. This type of harm is called as “whitehead”.
Adults are copulated and lay eggs. The nymph and next generation adults are fed with wheat grains and
cause a decrease in quality and quantitiy of grains. At the end of the vegetation, the new adults move to the
mountains.The most important reason of the limitation of these pests’population is the presence of the ene-
mies in the nature. It is very important to raise earlier types of wheat,to control of the weed in a good way,to
give an importance to the cultivated agriculture, and to harvest without delay, for preventing these pets to
become a problem. The chemical control is recommended if, there are 7-10Eurygaster spp, in a square me-
ter, 2adult Aelia spp,which spent winter in in a square meter 10 nymph or new adult in a square meter.
Cereal Ground Beetle, Zabrus spp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
The species that occure in Turkey are Z.tenebrioide Goeze, Z.melancholicus Schaum, Z.politus
Gauth., Z.spinipes Fabr., Z.iconiensis Ganglb., Z.corpulentus Schanin, Z.asiaticus Cast.
The pest spends the winter underground both in the form of adult and larva. Larva, which do not
move in cold weathers, start to move when the weather temperature reaches 10
0
C. The larva that has com-
pleted the growing, become pupa usually at the end of April and become adult starting from May, with the
condition of the climate. Adults enter into soil to spend summer. When the fall starts together with the starting
of the rains, adults who go up from the soil, start to mate in the straws which the field is not ploughed. The
copulated, females, lay eggs on the ground. The eggs open within 10-20days depending on climate condi-
tions. One female lay about 4-80 eggs. The larvae hatches from the eggs and moves all the time and seem
ҚАЗАҚСТАННЫҢ АӨК ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ, ВЕТЕРИНАРЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ
ТЕХНИКАЛЫҚ ҒЫЛЫМДАРДЫҢ ДАМУ ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ
ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ АПК КАЗАХСТАНА: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ,
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altogether. This pest gives one generation in a year. This pest damages the wheat in 3 different times; a) the
young larva eats crop leaves in the soil by pulling them down into the soil, when they find the proper condi-
tions. b) Mature larva becomes harmful by eating leaves and shoots in spring, the open wheat orders and
spaces are seemed. This situation causes a decrease in the productivity in a remarkable amount. c) Adults
cause damage by eating grains in the days that are close to harvesting time, and by eating the grains under-
ground in October. The preventions taken against to this pest are; alternation of cultivation, soil prope tillage
of soil and harvesting without a delay. The most effective control method to this pest is seed dressing. Sur-
face sprayingis done on the late fall or early spring which the larva harms seems very clear. Surveys must be
done before tillering or during tillering in planted areas that are known that pests exist. The survey conducted
on different points of 1/4 m
2
framedareas of the field which represent the field, the soil that stays in the frame
is dugand the larva and the eaten plants are counted. If the larva density is 1 or more in 1 per meter square,
the number of infested plant is 5 or more per square meter, the fields are taken to seed dressing program. In
the early spring, if there are 3 or more live larva and 15 or more eaten plant per square meter on the sur-
roundings of the field or the specific places of the field, closing or pointed surface spraying must be done.
Wheat Grain Beetles, Anisoplia spp. (Coleptera: Rutelidae)
The species that live in Turkey are Anisoplia austriaca Herbst., A.agricola (Poda), A.segetumHerbst.,
A.tenebralis Burm., A.disparmorio Kr., A.lata E., A.flavipennis Burm, A.syriaca Rche.
Adults are seemed on the ear of the grains on milk forming time. After feeding for a while, they start to
copulate. The females lays eggs, 10-25 cm depth of the light, sandy soil. Larva usually lives two years. At
the end of the last period they become pupa. Adult emerges after a period of time, which is taking 15 days.
Adults are very active in the hot times of the days. Adult longevity takes 1-1.5 months. This pest usually re-
produces biyearly also they can reproduce annually as well, under proper conditions. Larva becomes harm-
ful by eating the root of young wheat under soil, and also adults give the biggest harm. They cause to harm
by eating the grains during milk forming. these types of grains can not used as seed, and can not be con-
sumed as bread . When the pests are distributed equally in the field, and when there are 3-4 adults per
square meter, they can cause the economic loss. Alternation, Early plantation, and planting early riser spe-
cies, early harvesting of the matured wheat, making the straw early and deeply, and not leaving unprocessed
soil on surroundings of the field are recommended as preventions against to this pest. The fields, which 2-3
adults per square meter, or 2-4 larvas per square meter in the seemed in the fall, are taken into the spraying
program.
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
The species that live in Turkey are Diuraphis noxius (Kurdjumow), Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Si-
tobion avenae (F.), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Myzus persicae (Sulzer).
Adults and nymph of aphids make harms by sucking the milkweed of leaves, grain, stem and stamens
of winter and summer wheat. As a result, the plant is weakened, the growing stops, and the plant wrinkles
and gets dry by stopping the growth of the grain. The productivity and quality of the product decreases, caus-
ing plat to get dry. They prevent the normal growth by causing abnormal growth and malformation on the
plants, because of the poisonous substances that they release during feeding. Generally, the malformation
shows itself by curved leaves. Aphids cause the appearance of plant virus diseases by carrying and transmit
virus. The sweetish substances that they release prevent assimilation and respiration by developing fungi
that cause fumagine, thus the direct harm that pest causes increases. Because the plenty of natural enemies
of the aphids, a chemical control against these pests is not recommended.
Current status of insecticide used against wheat pests
Use of chemical insecticides is by far the most important tactic applied to control wheat pests. Similar-
ly, the pests are controlled using insecticides in wheat growing areas of Turkey, besides many farmers use
cultural and mechanical control methods. The farmers determine the application times based on their expe-
rience and observations in addition to warning by extension services. There are total of 184 licensed pesti-
cides with 7 active ingredients, 32 licensed pesticides with 3 active ingredients, 220 licensed pesticides with
8 active ingredients and 220 licensed pesticides with 8 active ingredients for Erygaster spp, Aelia spp., Za-
brus spp. and Anisoplia spp., respectively, in Turkey (Table 2) (Anonymous, 2016).
Table 2. Pesticides used for wheat pests control in Turkey.
Pests
Active ingredient.
Number
of commercial
Insecticide
Eurygasterspp.
Alpha cypermethrin, Beta cyfluthrin,Cypermethrin, Deltameth-
rin, Imidacloprid, Lamdacyhalothrin, Zeta cypermethrin
184
Aelia spp.
Alpha cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Lamdacyhalothrin
32
Zabrus spp.
Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cyfluthrin, Cypermethrin, Del-
tamethrin, Lamdacyhalothrin, Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam
220
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