48
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ КАЗАХСТАНА №1, 2013
Жер
бетіндегі
суыққанды
омыртқалылар,
оның
ішінде
фондық түрлердің гельминтофау-
насы Қазақстан Республикасының
барлық аймақтарында әлі күнге
дейін
толығымен
зерттелме-
ген. Павлодар облысында ширақ
кесірткенің гельминттерінің түр
құрамын өткен ғасырдың 80-
жылдарының басында В.Г. Ваккер
зерттеген. Павлодар облысының
әртүрлі биотоптарындағы сүйір
тұмсық бақаның гельминтофауна-
сы, сонымен қатар сколецидтердің
жеке
түрлерінің
экологиялық
ерекшеліктерін 1984-1989 жж.
В.Г. Ваккер және Н.Е. Тарасовская
зерттеді. Павлодар облысындағы
қосмекенділер
мен
бауыры-
мен жорғалаушылардың фондық
түрлерінің гельминтофаунасының
қазіргі кездегі жағдайын бірнеше
табиғи және антропогендік био-
топтарда зерттедік.
Павлодар
облысында
сүйір
тұмсық бақада гельминттердің
5 түрі имагинальды формасын-
да, оның ішінде трематодтардың
үш түрі: Opisthioglyphe ranae,
Haplometra cylindracea, Pleurogenes
intermedius және нематодтардың
екі түрі: Rhabdias bufonis және
Oswaldocruzia filiformis тіркелді.
Дернәсілдік формалардан Alaria
alata мезоцеркарийлері, Strigea
УДК 576.895
N.E. Tarassovskaja, B.K. Zhumabekova
Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute
HELMINTHES FAUNA OF MOOR FROG (RANA ARVALIS) AND SAND
LIZARD (LACERTA AGILIS) IN PAVLODAR REGION
AND IT’S ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Helminthes fauna of land cold-blooded
vertebrates including widely distributed
species till present time is explored not
in all regions of Kazakhstan Republic.
Parasitic worms of grass and lake frogs
(Rana temporaria and Rana ridibunda)
were studied by T.N.Soboleva [1], lake
and moor frogs in Eastern-Kazakhstan
region – by A.E.Aralkhanova [2]. Parasites
of reptilians were researched in the south
of republic by V.G.Vakker [3], in Eastern-
Kazakhstan region data on helminthes of
widespread reptilians species contain in
the thesis work of A.E.Aralchanova [2].
In Pavlodar region species composition
of helminthes of sand lizard (Lacerta
agilis) was studies in the early 80 years by
V.G.Vakker [4]. Helminthes fauna of moor
frog (Rana arvalis) and also ecological
peculiarities of several worms’ species in
1994-1989 were explored by V.G.Vakker
and N.E.Tarassovskaja [5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
Modern state of helminthes fauna
of widespread amphibian and reptilian
species in Pavlodar region we study in
several natural and anthropogenic biotopes.
In result of research species composition
not only mature, but also larval forms of
helminthes was described, landscape and
49
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ КАЗАХСТАНА №1, 2013
strigis,
S.falconis,
Tylodelphys
excavata метацеркарийлері, личинка
скребня Sphaerirostris teres скребни
дернәсілдері. Жыныстық жетілген
формалардың түр құрамы бұның ал-
дында В.Г. Ваккер мен Н.Е. Тарасов-
ская анықтаған түрлерге ұқсас.
Ширақ
кесірткеде
гельминттердің үш түрі имагиналь-
ды формасында: Plagiorchis elegans
трематодасы және Oswaldocruzia
filiformis мен Abbreviata abbreviata
нематодалары. 1993 ж. дернәсілдік
формалардан Sphaerirostris teres
скребнидің
цистаканттары
байқалды.
Гельминтофауна наземных хо-
лоднокровных позвоночных, в том
числе фоновых видов, до настояще-
го времени исследована не во всех
регионах Республики Казахстан.
В Павлодарской области видо-
вой состав гельминтов прыткой
ящерицы изучался в начале 80-х гг.
В.Г. Ваккером. Гельминтофау-
на остромордой лягушки в различ-
ных биотопах Павлодарской обла-
сти, а также экологические особен-
ности отдельных видов сколецид в
1984-1989 гг. были исследованы В.Г.
Ваккером и Н.Е. Тарасовской. Со-
временное состояние гельминтофа-
уны фоновых видов амфибий и реп-
тилий Павлодарской области изуча-
лось нами в нескольких естествен-
ных и антропогенных биотопах.
В Павлодарской области у остро-
мордой лягушки нами зарегистриро-
вано 5 видов гельминтов в имаги-
нальной форме, в том числе три вида
трематод: Opisthioglyphe ranae,
Haplometra cylindracea, Pleurogenes
intermedius и два вида нематод:
Rhabdias bufonis и Oswaldocruzia
filiformis. Из личиночных форм об-
host’s sex and age arranges of parasites
were analyzed.
Materials and methods. During the
summer of 2005 year in 4 points of Pavlodar
city neighbourhood (flood-land of Irtysh
river in the neighbourhood of Pavlodar,
flood-land of Usolka river – small right-
-bank tributary of Irtysh river, moisture
low ground near country «Yablonka»,
lake on the outskirts of Pavlodar near
Children railways) were caught moor
frogs in quantity 136 exemplars. In Lune-
July 2004 and May 2005 in one point of
Bajan-Aul Mountains (Birzhankol lake)
correspondently 12 and 22 exemplars
of moor frog and 5 and 27 exemplars of
sand lizards were caught. Amphibians and
reptilians were collected with keeping of
random principle, without deliberately
selection per certain signs. Moreover we
used the results of autopsy more than 40
exemplars of moor frog and 60 exemplars
of sand lizards from low ground near
country «Yablonka» from 1993 year.
We subject the caught amphibians
by the full helminthological autopsy by
the generally accepted methods [10].
On the definition of species status of the
helminthes we stick to the systematic and
definition keys described in monograph
of K.M.Ryzhikov with co-authors [11].
Qualitative results of measurement we
processed by statistic methods [12], with
using such indicators of infectivity, as
intensity of infection (the mean helminthes
quantity by every infected host exemplar)
and index of abundance (the mean
50
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ КАЗАХСТАНА №1, 2013
наружены мезоцеркарии Alaria
alata, метацеркарии Strigea strigis,
S.falconis, Tylodelphys excavata, ли-
чинка скребня Sphaerirostris teres.
Видовой состав половозрелых форм
не отличается от ранее выявленно-
го В.Г. Ваккером и Н.Е. Тарасовской.
У прыткой ящерицы обнару-
жено три вида гельминтов в има-
гинальном состоянии: тремато-
да Plagiorchis elegans и нематоды
Oswaldocruzia filiformis и Abbreviata
abbreviata. Из личиночных форм в
1993 г. отмечались цистаканты
скребня Sphaerirostris teres.
Helminthes fauna of land cold-
blooded vertebrates including widely
distributed species till present time is
explored not in all regions of Kazakhstan
Republic. In Pavlodar region species
composition of helminthes of sand
lizard (Lacerta agilis) was studies
in the early 80 years by V.G.Vakker
[4]. Helminthes fauna of moor frog
(Rana arvalis) and also ecological
peculiarities of several worms’
species in 1984-1989 were explored by
V.G.Vakker and N.E.Tarassovskaja.
Modern state of helminthes fauna
of widespread amphibian and reptilian
species in Pavlodar region we study
in several natural and anthropogenic
biotopes.
In Pavlodar region in moor frog we
recorded 5 mature helminthes species,
including 3 trematodes species:
Opisthioglyphe ranae, Haplometra
cylindracea, Pleurogenes inter¬medius
and 2 nematodes species: Rhabdias
bufonis and Oswaldocruzia filiformis.
From the larval stages trematodes
larvae – mesocercaria Alaria alata,
metacercaria Strigea strigis, S.falconis,
Tylodelphys excavata, larvae of
acanthocephalan Sphaerirostris teres
helminthes quantity by every studied host
exemplar (infected and non-infected)).
Algebraic sign and degree of deviation
of theoretic helminthes abundance from
actually quantity (for example, in sex and
age groups of hosts) we defined by the
indicator of relative abundance arrange Fij
Ju.A.Pesenko [13] according the formula:
where n
i
– actual abundance of parasite
species in i-th group of helminthes from
Ni hosts’ quantity; n – general helminthes
quantity from N all studied hosts.
If F
ij
= -1, the hosts’ group are
fully refused by helminthes species; if
F
ij
= +1 – fully preferred; with the
abundance indicator nearly zero parasite is
indifferent to this hosts’ group.
Result and their discussion. In Pavlodar
region in moor frog we recorded 5 mature
helminthes species, including 3 trematodes
species: Opisthioglyphe ranae, Haplometra
cylindracea, Pleurogenes inter¬medius and
2 nematodes species: Rhabdias bufonis and
Oswaldocruzia filiformis. From the larval
stages trematodes larvae – mesocercaria
Alaria alata, metacercaria Strigea strigis,
S.falconis, Tylodelphys excavata, larvae
of acanthocephalan Sphaerirostris teres
were registered. Species composition
of adult forms is not distinguished
from earlier described by V.G.Vakker
and
N.E.Tarassovskaja.
Trematode
Pleurogenes intermedius localizing in the
51
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ КАЗАХСТАНА №1, 2013
different hosts’ groups. Biotope determines
the next main factors, influenced to the
host-parasite system:
- conditions for surviving of definitive
and intermediate hosts;
- feed sources of the host’s organism,
their accessibility and exploitation by other
parasites species;
- behavior peculiarities, determining
in their turn by climate, relief, quantity,
quality and accessibility of feed sources,
enemies and competitors;
- the peculiarities of metabolism and
hosts’ physiology, connected with climate
and feed conditions;
- the conditions of surviving of
helminthes’ larval stages, including non-
biotic (temperature, moisture, salting
of water and soil) and biotic factors
(competitors, predatory soil invertebrates,
non-specific hosts, in which parasite will
be annihilated);
- the conditions of the hosts’ infection
by this parasites, determined by host’s
behavior, activity, food substances;
- competition between parasites on all
stages, caused by the opportunity of other
species surviving, level of hosts’ infection
and feed sources of host’s organism.
Helminthes recorded in moor frog and
sand lizard we divided by 4 ecological
groups.
1. Bio-helminthes connected with
water-bodies (trematodes): for these
worms obligate participation in the life-
cycle of snails (fresh-water gastropods), in
which parthenites develop, is distinctive.
were registered. Species composition
of adult forms is not distinguished from
earlier described by V.G.Vakker and
N.E.Tarassovskaja.
In sand lizard 3 mature helminthes
species
trematode
Plagiorchis
elegans, nematodes Oswaldocruzia
filiformis and Abbreviata abbreviata
were registered. From larval forms
in 1993 larvae of acanthocephalan
Sphaerirostris teres were observed.
Only in 1993 year Sphaerirostris teres
larvae, parasitizing in mature stage
in crow-form birds Corvidae family,
recorded in the large quantity in moor
frog and sand lizard of Pavlodar
region.
urine bladder, which registered in 1984-
1989 every year, was so numerous in the
summer of 2006 in the flood-land biotopes,
but absent in 2004-2005 years.
In sand lizard 3 mature helminthes
species trematode Plagiorchis elegans,
nematodes Oswaldocruzia filiformis and
Abbreviata abbreviata were registered.
From larval forms in 1993 larvae of
acanthocephalan Sphaerirostris teres were
observed. Only in 1993 year Sphaerirostris
teres larvae, parasitizing in mature stage in
crow-form birds Corvidae family, recorded
in the large quantity in moor frog and sand
lizard of Pavlodar region.
Biotope is one of important factors,
determining the infection of all animals by
helminthes, what was convincingly showed
in the work of many researchers on the
Key words: helminthes fauna,
amphibian, reptilian, moor frog, sand
lizard.
52
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ КАЗАХСТАНА №1, 2013
Helminthes’
species
Group
of hosts
Number
of hosts
Number
of infected
hosts
Number of
helminthes
Pearson’s
criterion
«χ
2
»
Indicator of
arrange F
ij
Fact
Theoretic
Opisthio-
glyphe ranae
Males
58
9
48
44,78
0,23
+0,064
Females
78
14
57
60,22
0,17
-0,064
Total
136
23
105
105,0
0,40
Rhabdias
Bufonis
Males
58
18
95
94.68
0,001
+0,003
Females
78
29
127
127,32
0,0008
-0,003
Total
136
47
222
222,0
0,0018
Oswaldo-
cruzia
filiformis
Males
58
26
171
161,21
0,59
+0,0536
Females
78
47
207
216,79
0,44
-0,0536
Total
136
73
378
378,0
1,03
Table 1. Distribution of helminthes per sex groups of moor frog in the
outskirt of Pavlodar city
Table 2. Distribution of helminthes per generative age groups of moor
frog in the outskirt of Pavlodar city
Helminthes’
species
Group
of hosts
Number
of hosts
Number
of infected
hosts
Number of
helminthes
Pearson’s
criterion
«χ
2
»
Indicator
of arrange
F
ij
Fact Theoretic
Opisthio-
glyphe ranae
Young
118
20
92
91,10
0,00072
+0,04
Mature
18
3
13
13,90
0,00011
-0,04
Total
136
23
105
105,0
0,00083
Rhabdias
bufonis
Young
118
35
139
192,62
14,926
-0,59
Mature
18
12
83
29,38
97,859
+0,59
Total
136
47
222
222,0
112,785*
Oswaldocruzia
filiformis
Young
118
64
300
327,97
2,38
-0,26
Mature
18
9
78
50,03
15,64
+0,26
Total
136
73
378
378,0
18,02*
53
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ КАЗАХСТАНА №1, 2013
Table 3. Distribution of helminthes per sex groups of moor frog near
Birzhankol lake
Table 4. Distribution of helminthes per sex and age groups of moor frog
(between males and fmales of different age) in the outskirt of Pavlodar city
Helminthes’
species
Group of
hosts
Number
of hosts
Number of
infected hosts
Number of helminthes
Pearson’s
criterion
«χ
2
»
Indicator
of arrange
F
ij
Fact
Theoretic
Rhabdias
bufonis
Males
17
16
104
116,0
1,241
-0,103
Females
17
16
128
116,0
1,241
+0,103
Total
34
32
232
232,0
2,482
Oswaldocruzia
filiformis
Males
17
15
126
130,0
0,123
-0,031
Females
17
14
134
130,0
0,123
+0,031
Total
34
29
260,0
260,0
0,246
Helminthes’
species
Group
of hosts
Number
of hosts
Number
of
infected
hosts
Number of
helminthes
Pearson’s
criterion
«χ
2
»
Indicator
of arrange
F
ij
Fact Theoretic
Opisthioglyphe
ranae
Young
males
49
7
36
38,20
0,127
-0,05
Young
females
69
13
56
53,80
0,090
+0,05
Total
118
20
92
92,0
0,217
Rhabdias
bufonis
Young
males
49
12
38
57,72
6,737
-0,306
Young
females
69
23
101
81,28
4,784
+0,306
Total
118
35
139
139,0
11,521*
Oswaldocruzia
filiformis
Young
males
49
21
108
124,58
2,207
-0,116
Young
females
69
43
192
175,42
1,567
+0,116
Total
118
64
300
300,0
3,774*
Opisthioglyphe
ranae
Mature
males
9
2
12
6,50
4,654
+0,85
Mature
females
9
1
1
6,50
4,654
-0,85
Total
18
3
13
13,0
9,308*
54
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ КАЗАХСТАНА №1, 2013
Rhabdias
bufonis
Mature
males
9
6
57
41,5
5,789
+0,373
Mature
females
9
6
26
41,5
5,789
-0,373
Total
18
12
83
83,0
11,578*
Oswaldocruzia
filiformis
Mature
males
9
5
63
39,0
14,769
+0,615
Mature
females
9
4
15
39,0
14,769
-0,615
Total
18
9
78
78,0
29,538*
Coninue of Table 4.
In dependence on the second intermediate
hosts trematodes, founded in researched
cold-blooded vertebrates, may be:
a) Developing with the participation of
water arthropods, for which the presence in
plankton crawfishes and water insects; to
this group trematodes from Pleurogenidae
family, including Pleurogenes intermedius
(didn’t find in our material in 2005 year in
the view of so young frogs’age) are belong.
b) With two intermediate hosts – water
gastropods (moreover metacercaria can be
encysted as after the penetration of cercaria
to snails, as in the same snail specimens, in
which parthenites developed); to this group
trematodes from Plagiorchidae family –
Plagiorchis elegans, Opisthioglyphe ranae
и Haplometra cylindracea – are belonged.
c) With varying cycle, including usual
cycle with 2 intermediate hosts and
different variants of amphixenia [14]. To
this group 2 from called trematodes species
from Plagiorchidae family are belonged
– H.cylindracea и O.ranae, for which as
the second intermediate hosts may be:
1) snails – fresh-water gastropods from
Lymnaeidae family with the development
of metacercaria in the same of different
snails’ specimens; 2) amphibian tadpoles,
moreover last animals may play the role of
only the second intermediate host (in result
of cannibalism on the adult amphibians’
part) or the role of definitive host – after the
migration of larval stages (metacercaria)
from tissue to the digestive tract [14, 15,
16].
2. Bio-helminthes, connected with
land biotopes: nematodes from subor-
der Spirurata, developing with the
participation of insects. The arrange of
these helminthes to biotopes will define
by the next characteristics of environment
conditions: 1) surviving of definitive hosts;
2) surviving of eggs in the environment
until the penetration to the intermediate
host; 3) presence of intermediate hosts
– insect, living in these conditions; 4)
opportunities of the penetrating of eggs
|