THE CONCEPT ‘HAPPINESS’ IN THE FEMALE WORLDVIEW
REPRESENTED IN THE STORY “SHOLPAN’S SIN” BY M. ZHUMABAYEV
Annotation. The article concerns realization of the concept ‘happiness’ in the
Kazakh prose. The authors highlight features of the concept ‘happiness’ in M.
Zhumabayev’s piece of prose analyzing perception of the concept by female characters.
Keywords: Linguistic culture, Kazakh culture, mentality, Kazakh literature,
Magzhan Zhumabayev, “Sholpan’s Sin”, story, psychological drama, happiness, a
woman's happiness, love, duty, sacrifice, worldview, semantic field, concept,
conceptualization.
This article attempts to analyze the concept ‘happiness’ in the Kazakh linguistic
culture. By concept we mean a set of language and cultural knowledge, views, estimates
and associations connected with a certain ideal object. Concepts as units of collective
knowledge have their linguistic manifestations and are marked with ethnic and cultural
characteristics [1].
Currently, there are several schools considering concepts from the perspective of
linguistic and cultural analysis. These schools are associated with the names of such
explorers as Yu.Stepanov, N.D. Arutyunova, Ye.S. Kubryakova, Z.D. Popova, I.A. Sternin.
V.I. Karassik, G.G. Slyshkin, A.V. Kravchenko and others.
The main representant of a concept is a word, which acquires “a halo of synonyms,
metaphors and metonymy designations, contextual antonyms” [2]. An associative
component in a literary text can also be expressed in the form of precedent relations [1].
When the latter are perceived, the factual information, views and values associated with a
certain concept become updated in the native speaker’s mind.
Based on the material of the Kazakh prose, we have been analyzing perception of the
concept ‘happiness’ by female characters.
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The studies by S.G. Vorkachyov, I.B. Russakova, I.S. Gavrilova, D.D.Lagayeva,
N.N. Izotova represent the "classic" view on the explored concept, the traditional and often
patriarchal paradigm of its analysis.
Conceptualization of happiness can be considered as the core of national and
individual consciousness, and the attitude to it is one of the defining characteristics of the
human spiritual nature.
In virtue of its ethnic and cultural specificity this concept gets unequal and often
contradictory treatment in the context of different cultures. That is why research of this
concept in the Kazakh linguistic culture seems to us to be the most interesting – in
particular in the light of its perception by female characters in the Kazakh literature.
As a key component of the national culture, the concept ‘happiness’ forms the basic
paradigm of life philosophy for Kazakh women and is significant in respect of
understanding distinctiveness of their mentality.
Like all other literatures of the world, Kazakh literature lays considerable emphasis
on the theme of happiness. But as a rule, it is closely linked with the line of love, which is
seen in numerous well-known works of art.
Realization of this topic in different texts belonging to Kazakh classical literature has
distinctive features; it differs from many other literatures of the world. Kazakh literature is
characterized by a serious and careful view at love and happiness in general. Love in
Kazakh literature almost always belongs to the field of the dramatic or even the tragic;
extremely rare stories of relations between men and women – whether in poetry or in prose
– give cause for merriment.
We believe that the research of this concept will contribute to better understanding of
behavior motives of both an individual and the nation as a whole.
The national encyclopedia Kazakhstan provides the following interpretation of the
word “happiness”: “Happiness is a concept of ethics indicating a degree of satisfaction of
human life interests, joy. The basis of human happiness is formation of a sense of gratitude
for the existence, which is meaningful and effective. Happiness is a polysemantic concept.
Its main meanings include: 1) prosperity, “the bird landed on the hand”, gratitude; 2) joy,
pleasure, delight; 3) pursuit of the positive, the good, wisdom; 4) finding one’s own place
in life, becoming a full-grown personality” [3].
The following definition and notion-related expressions are given in the explanatory
dictionary of the Kazakh language (Казақ тілінің түсіндірме сөздігі): “Happiness is joy
at a satisfied desire. Бақытқа бөленді (“covered with happiness”) – became happy.
Бақыт [бақыт құсы] қонды (“happiness [the bird of happiness] landed”) - became
happy. Бақыт құшағында (“embraced by happiness”) – rejoiced at achievement of the
objectives conceived. Бақыт таңы атты (“morning of happiness came”) – a joyful day
came. Бақыт жанды [ашылды] (“happiness kindled [was opened]”) – fortune was on
one’s side, one’s luck was in. Бакыт кұйды (“happiness was dumped, poured”) – had
misfortune, luck run out. Бақытына карай (“towards happiness”) – fortunately. Бақытын
сынады (“tried one’s happiness”) - tried one's luck. Бақытын түсірді (“pulled one’s
happiness down”) – deprived someone of happiness. Бақыты ұрланды (“one’s happiness
was stolen”) – made unhappy» [4].
These definitions state different as well as related parties of happiness, the latter is
composed of two components – the internal and external ones: moral qualities of a human and the
whole range of factors determining their life well-being (health, material wealth, luck, etc.).
The word бақыт (“happiness”) is close in the meaning to бақ, which means "luck”.
Бағы ашылды (“one’s luck was opened”) – became happy. Бағы байланды (“one’s luck
got tied up”) – became unhappy [4].
These words do not match completely in the volume of their meaning contents, but
they include the seme "happiness" and form an extensive word-building subsystem. From
this we can conclude that the present concept ‘happiness’ includes such semantic
components as ‘joy’, ‘luck’, ‘wellbeing’, ‘destiny’, ‘good fortune’, ‘fortuitous meeting’,
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‘welfare’, ‘gifts’, ‘favourable opportunity’, ‘wealth’, ‘prosperity’, which constitute its
semantic core and function as conceptual signs involved in realization of the lexical unit.
These characteristics are the basis of the value component which defined the
linguoculturological content of the keyword “happiness” as a conceptual universal.
The aim of our work is to determine conceptualization peculiarities of the concept
‘happiness’ in Magzhan Zhumabayev’s prose. We can receive a lot of linguoculturological
information from texts. They are called “keepers” of culture and it is for a reason.
According to V.A. Maslova, “text stores information on history, ethnography, national
psychology, national behavior, i. e. all what constitutes the culture”. She states that “the
text is a set of specific signals that, for the reader who has been brought up in the traditions
of the culture, will automatically evoke direct associations as well as a large amount of
circumstantial ones. In turn, the rules of text formation depend on the context of the culture
in which the text occurs” [5].
Kazakh literature provides a wide range of moral ideas and examples regarding life,
love, what are good and evil, religion and death, happiness and unhappiness, one’s own
people and other nations, i. e. troublesome issues that should worry people.
One aspect of consideration of happiness in any literature including the Kazakh one
is related to the fact that every talented artist creates their own world, gives it problems that
excite them, their pain and joy, illuminates this world with special, peculiar, only to them
understandable beauty. Such a world is unusual, and although we often see in it only what
we can see around us every day, it is necessary to peer into it, get a grasp of it, think about
it, get used to it in the way we get used to the reality that surrounds us in order to
understand the uniqueness of the world, its complexity and beauty, which are often
components of happiness.
The poet Magzhan Zhumabayev created his own world too and the analysis of his
only prose work “Sholpan’s Sin” shows that everyday life in his works turns out to be truer
than that we can sometimes see around us - or it seems to us that we see when we scan
usual attributes of life, not trying to understand it. The concept ‘happiness’ is the basic
background of his story and makes us think deeply about the fate of the simple woman
named Sholpan. There is a very fine line between happiness and unhappiness here. In
Magzhan Zhumabayev’s work happiness and unhappiness are interrelated as well as
interdependent; often one category is the essential condition for the other.
The world in Magzhan Zhumabaev’s story “Sholpan’s Sin” is a tragic world full of eternal
questions that have no answers. There a human being rises through love and suffering to higher
levels of consciousness, tries to find the meaning of life and the path to the truth.
Magzhan writes about feelings, about relationship between people, creates vivid
portraits, finds rich character types, his writing impresses readers.
Features of Magzhan's
creative search are found in the representation of happiness and unhappiness, which are
included in the lexical and semantic field of fate and are an important part of that concept.
In “Sholpan’s Sin” Magzhan Zhumabayev told us a story of a woman who is
unfaithful to her husband for the sake of her love for him. The story makes us think about
the issues of honor, love, duty and fidelity. As a matter of fact, the work can be considered
as a psychological drama.
Its narrative line is not very complicated, though. Sholpan and Sarsenbai have been
married for many years, but their marriage is still childless. At first, however, this fact does
not upset Sholpan: the heart of her loved husband entirely belongs to her. Children, she
thinks, would impede their happiness. She often asks God to prevent her pregnancy:
“Жасаған-ау, бала бере көрме?!” (Here and hereinafter cited according to) [6].
(“O Creator, do not give me a baby!” – Transl. ours.)
Dazzled with love for her husband, she fears that a baby will come between them
and alienate her beloved from her:
“Балалы болсам әдемі өмірім бұзылады-ау”, – деп ойлатын еді Шолпан... Бала
туса күйеуменен екеуінің ортасында бір тікенек өсетіндей болушы еді. Қиюласып
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қосылған екі жанның арасына жат үшінші жан түскен соң, екеуінің де жалынды,
екпінді махаббаты бүлінер, бәсеңдер, суынар деп қорқуушы еді Шолпан.”
(“If a baby comes, my delightful life will be spoiled”, thought Sholpan. The born
child will be like a thorn sprouted up between her and her husband. Sholpan was scared: as
soon as somebody else's soul rises between two intimately linked souls, their passionate and
ardent love will deteriorate, subside, go out.” – Transl. ours.)
However, the author clearly shows that the attitude of his protagonist, such a vision
of life does not correspond to the values of the society:
“Күншығыстан ақ жібектей таң атып келе жатқан мезгілде, өзге адам
сәждеге құлап, маңдайын топыраққа былғап, тасқа ұрып, тәңірден бақытты
тұрмыс, өшпес бақыт, кетпес байлық, әсіресе, бала сұрайтын кезінде…”
(“When morning shining like white silk dawned from the east, all the people turned
their eyes on the star of day, prostrated themselves and, soiling, beating their heads against
stones, asked the heaven to give them mellow life, never-ending joyfulness, everlasting
prosperity, and above all – childbearing happiness...” – Transl. ours.)
Баласыз өмір бос өмір деген сөзді басқа талай адамдардан естіді…
(“She had heard from many people that life without children was empty…” – Transl. ours.)
A proverb introduced into the text of the story emphasizes this idea:
“Балалы үй – базар, баласыз үй – мазар.”
(“A home with children is a bazaar, a childless home is a mazar.” – Transl. ours.)
Soon a plot twist occurs. One day Sholpan looks around and realizes that a kid
would just fasten the hearth of their family happiness. The young woman starts to look for
causes of the childlessness in herself, in her behavior and even in her relation to God.
Sholpan begins to lead a pure and holy life, prays a lot, goes to traditional healers. But
unfortunately, God does not hear her prayers. She concludes that her husband Sarsenbai
cannot have children:
Сөз жоқ, Сәрсенбай – бедеу, сондықтан бала жоқ. Бала жоқ болған соң мен
бақытсыз... мен бақытсыз болғанда Сәрсенбай бақытты ма? Оның жүрегі жанбай
ма? Өзінің екі өмірді улаушы екенін ойлап, оның жүрегі жанбай ма? Қартайған
күнде өмірді жылытатын от – бала оған керегі жоқ па? Сөз жоқ, мен бақытсыз
болсам, Сәрсенбай да бақытсыз.
Ендеше осы батып бара жатқан өмір кемесін бақыт жарына кім сүйреп
шығара алады?
(“Sarsenbai is obviously sterile, that is the reason. I am unhappy without children...
If I am unhappy, can Sarsenbai be happy? Is his heart on fire? Is his heart burned when he
realizes that he poisons two lives? Does he need a child – the fire that will warm the life in
days of old age? No doubt, if I am not happy, Sarsenbai cannot be happy as well.
If all this is true, then who will manage to bring the ship of life to the cape of happy
salvation?” – Transl. ours.)
The woman does not give up and starts to seek another way out for the sake of her
husband and their happiness. And this way out she sees in faithlessness. The author
masterfully describes the inner struggle of Sholpan who has come to this decision:
“Өмірдің әрбір минуты сайын Шолпан ойының, Шолпан жанының әрбір
ұшқыны өліп жатты.”
(“Every minute of the pointlessly continuing life killed a bit of Sholpan’s mind and
soul.” – Transl. ours.)
“Үш айдан бері аруақтай артынан қалмай жүрген күнәлі ойларын ойлап отыр
еді… Сәрсенбай бүгін қонаға қалаға шығады. Әйтеуір істейтін болған соң, ұзаққа
созып, умен құр улана беруде не қасиет?
Жарайды, соза беруде қасиет жоқ, бірақ лайық кім бар?
Болашақ балаға ата болуға лайық кім бар? Жылқышы Адамқұл... Дұрыс,
құлмен жүрсе, сыр шетке паш болмас еді, жабулы қазан жабулы күйінше қалар еді.
Бірақ... Адамқұлдан қандай бала тумақ? Күңнен күң, құлдан құл тумақ емес пе?..
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Жоқ, жоқ, Адамқұлы адыра қалсын! Жә, енді кім бар?.. Шойбай... жоқ... Жұмағали...
жоқ... Әзімбай... Әзімбай... Әзімбай қалай болар? Текті атаның баласы, өзі жас,
дені сау, сымбатты жігіт. Жасы 18-19-дан артық жоқ шығар. Ұзын бойлы. Екі
жауырынына екі кісі мінгендей. Ылғи күліп қана тұратын қой көзді. Жаңа шығып
келе жатқан қара мұрты қаражібек сықылды.”
(“For the past three months she has been beset by her sinful thoughts, thoughts
obsessive like ghosts... Today Sarsenbai is leaving for the town and staying there overnight.
And once she decided to take this step, why to put it off for a long time and make herself
feel sore at heart?
Well, it does not pay to delay, but who is suited for this?
Who can be a good father to her child? The groom Adamkul? Right, if she does it
with this slave, the secret will not be revealed and the closed cauldron will stay closed. But
what child will be born of Adamkul?.. Only slaves can be born of slaves!.. No, no, dash
Adamkul! Who then?.. Shoibai... no… Zhumagali... no… Azimbai... What about Azimbai?
He is highborn, young and healthy, a well-shaped man. He seems to be not more than 18-19
years old. He is tall, broad-shouldered, has ever glowing eyes. His black mustache, which
has just shown up, must be as gentle as silk.” – Transl. ours.)
If Abai with his interpretation of Pushkin's Tatyana was the first poet who gave a
Kazakh girl an opportunity to talk about her feelings, Magzhan managed to convey the
deepest psychological experiences to us in prose, coped to emotionally awaken compassion
and sympathy for the unfortunate Sholpan in hearts of his readers:
“Бала болмаса, сол кезде сөніп бара жатқан өмірге кім сәуле берер, кім оны
жылытар?.. Бала болмаса, сол кезде ішіндегі дәні шіріп, кеуіп қалған шөптің
қауызындай бос өмірдің кемтігін кім толтырар?.. Жоқ-ау! Әлдеқайда алыстағы
кәрілікті қоя тұршы. Оған өмір не жетер, не жетпес, сол кәрілік жетпей-ақ, осы
күннің өзінде-ақ, өмір босап қалайын деп тұрған жоқ па?”
(“If you have no child, who will bring light and warmth to your life when it starts fading?..
If you have no child, who will fill your empty life, empty like a withered corn shell, the seed of
which has rotten?.. Oh, no! Old age is still far away, besides it is unknown whether we will live
that long, but what if you feel that life is becoming empty right now?” – Transl. ours.)
The dénouement of the narrative is tragic. People give the woman baleful and old-
fashioned looks and start gossiping behind Sarsenbai’s back. Exhausted from jealousy, her
husband gets in a rage when he sees Azimbai leaving his home. In a fury, he violently beats
his wife up. Neighbors come running. A khoja suggests that the former happiness of the
couple could be brought back by the ceremony of purification from the sin and, performing
it, other women of the village pour 40 buckets of cold water over Sholpan’s head. But
nothing can save her:
“Ертеңіне түс кезінде Шолпан күшпенен көзін ашып, сыбырлап:
– Балам кайда? Әлгі неге келіп бір көріп шықпайды? – деді де, көрпенің бұрышын
құшактағандай болып, ерні беу-беу дегендей қимылдап, сұлық болып тағы талып кетті...
Күнмен таласа Шолпан да өмірімен қоштасты.”
(“Sholpan had woken up by noon the next day, barely opened her eyes and whispered:
– Where is my baby? Why did he not come to have a look? – With these words, she put her arms
round an edge of the blanket and, soundlessly moving her lips, fell unconscious again…
Struggling with the sun, Sholpan departed this life.”– Transl. ours.)
For Magzhan there is nothing higher and more worthy than love, and by her death
the title character of his story atones for the right to love, the right to motherhood, the right
to choose her way by her own loving heart.
Ethnic specifics of understanding happiness are manifested here in the speculative,
contemplative attitude of the Kazakh woman Sholpan to her happiness. The language of M.
Zhumabayev’s work reflects some “lack of confidence” about happiness. No rapture of the happy
state is typical of it. Happiness can only be fleeting, illusory, impermanent. Nevertheless, Sholpan
came to the sin for the sake of her husband because childless life is meaningless.
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A woman's happiness is in unique life which is full of meaning, that is what we
conclude based on the plot of Magzhan’s piece of prose. There is no higher happiness for
Sholpan than to sacrifice her well-being for the sake of the loved man. The story shows that
a sense of duty, self-denial, willingness to sacrifice their interests and even their own lives
for the sake of the loved man form the value paradigm of Kazakh women.
Despite the seeming supranational universality of such a notion as happiness, not all
of the ideas embodied in the respective concepts of different languages are the same. The
indices of subjective sense of happiness and life satisfaction for people living in different
countries are strongly influenced by ethnic and cultural differences, national consciousness
and perception of the world.
Kazakh culture still has its traditional character, individualism is expressed here
weaker than in Western cultures. Historically individualism, the desire to defend one’s own
selfish interests have not been viewed by the Kazakhs as something normal and natural, as
a benefit, but on the contrary, these traits have always been blamed. The so-called “fear” of
happiness is typical of the Kazakh social behavior, it is manifested in the feeling of inner
embarrassment and psychological discomfort due to the fact that many other people are
unhappy and suffering while you feel good and happy. The Kazakhs, as if ashamed of their
happiness, prefer to downplay and not embellish it. This national feature of the Kazakhs is
different from the West.
Kazakh culture refers to a closed type of cultures in terms of its focusing on the
environment. Traditionally Kazakh people do not talk about the innermost, open expression
of feelings is considered indecent; this explains, in our opinion, the situation with Sholpan
to a large extent.
“Love/passion” are not very substantial components of the concept ‘happiness’ and
are actually on the periphery of its lexical and semantic field. The core of the concept for
Kazakh women includes “duty”, “sacrifice”.
The carried out linguistic and culturological analysis of the concept ‘happiness’
allows concluding that the researched concept is a multi-dimensional mental formation
including notional, figurative and other constituents. The notional content adds up to the
health, well-being, success, harmony, prosperity, luck, good fortune; the figurative
constituents are verbalized in behavior stereotypes, traditions, affect the deeper layers of
consciousness and reflect national features of the culture of the Kazakh language.
Prospects for the further stage of the research are seen in comparative studies of the
concept based on the material of works by Russian and English-speaking writers.
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1.
Воркачев С.Г. Счастье как лингвокультурный концепт. – М.: ИТДГК
«Гнозис», 2004. – 192 с.
2.
Караулов Ю.Н. Русский язык и языковая личность. – М., 2010. – 264 с.
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Қазақстан: Ұлттық энцклопедия / Бас ред. Ә.Нысанбаев. – Алматы, 1998. – 719 с.
4.
Казақ тілінің түсіндірме сөздігі / Жалпы редакциясын басқарған
Т.Жанұзақов. – Алматы: Дайк-Пресс, 2008.– 968 б.
5.
Маслова В.А. Лингвокультурология: Учеб. пособие для студ. высш. учеб,
заведений. – М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2001. – 208 с.
6.
Жұмабаев М. Шығармалары. – Алма-Ата: Институт литературы и
искусства АН КазССР, 1989. – 448 б.
Утегенова Қ.Т., Ерболат А.
Мағжан Жұмабаевтың «Шолпан күнәсі» әңгімесіндегі әйел бейнесіндегі
бақыт концепт
Мақалада бақыт концептінің қазақ прозасындағы жүзеге асырылуы
қарастырылған. Авторлар Мағжан Жұмабаевтың прозасындағы «бақыт»
концептің әйелдер кейіпілерімен қабылдау арқылы ашқан.
Тірек сөздер: Лингвомәдениет, қазақ мәдениеті, менталитет, қазақ әдебиеті,
Мағжан Жұмабаев, «Шолпан күнәсі», әңгіме, психологиялық драма, бақыт, әйел
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бақыты, махаббат, міндет, құрбан, әлем көрінісі, мағыналық ая, концепт,
концептуализациялау.
Утегенова К.Т., Ерболат А.
Концепт «счастье» в женской картине мира, представленной в рассказе
Магжана Жумабаева «Грех Шолпан»
Статья рассматривает реализацию концепта «счастье» в казахской прозе.
Авторы раскрывают особенности концепта «счастье» в прозе Магжана
Жумабаева через восприятие этого понятия женскими образами.
Ключевые слова: Лингвокультура, казахская культура, менталитет,
казахская
литература,
Магжан
Жумабаев,
«Грех
Шолпан»,
рассказ,
психологическая драма, счастье, женское счастье, любовь, долг, жертва, картина
мира, семантическое поле, концепт, концептуализация.
***
УДК 791.44
Жумагулова В.И. – доктор филологических наук, профессор,
Казахский государственный женский педагогический университет
Маткерим Д.А. – магистрант Казахского государственного женского
педагогического университета
E-mail: matkerim85@mail.ru
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