a stronger royal power under Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor dynasty.
Henry VII reduced the power of the old nobility and created new nobles out of
the bourgeoisie and middle class who ardently supported him. The royal power grew
still stronger and the power of the church weaker. Then his successor, Henry VIII,
broke with the Pope and declared himself head of the English Church (1534).
The Tudors encouraged the development of trade inside and outside the country.
The great geographical discoveries gave a new impetus to the progress of foreign
trade. English traders set forth on daring journeys in search of gold and treasures.
Sea-pirates and slave-traders were patronized by Queen Elisabeth as readily as traders
in wool. They made large contributions to her treasury. Under the later Tudors
England became one of the biggest trade and sea powers. She ousted her rivals from
many markets and became involved in the political struggle of the European countries
for supremacy. Most complicated were her relations with France and Portugal. In
1588 England defeated the Spanish fleet, the Invincible Armada, and dealt a final
blow to Spain, her main rival in overseas trade and colonial expansion. In the late 16
th
century England founded its first colonies abroad.
Thus the contacts of England with other nations – although not necessarily
friendly – became closer, and new contacts were made in distant lands. These new
ties could not but influence the development of the language.
All over the world the victory of capitalism over feudalism was linked up with
the consolidation of people into nations and the unification of the regional dialects
into a national language.
England needed a uniform standard language as well, because further linguistic
disunity stood in the way of the country‘s progress. The making of the English nation
went hand in hand with the formation of the National English Language.
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