a consonant, the –n was dropped, and there arose the variant a.
As for the definite article, the traditional view was that the definite article
appears in OE and continues its further development from the demonstrative pronoun
in ME.
UNIT 10. MIDDLE ENGLISH PHONETICS
§ 1. Word stress
The sound system of the English language has undergone profound changes in
the thousand years which have elapsed since the OE period. The changes affected the
pronunciation of words, word accentuation, the systems of vowel and consonant
phonemes
In OE stress usually fell on the first syllable of the word, rarely on its second
syllable: the prefix or the root of the word were stressed while the suffixes and
endings were unstressed.
This way of word accentuation was considerably altered in the succeeding
periods. The word accent acquired greater positional freedom and began to play a
32
more important role in word derivation. These changes were connected with the
phonetic assimilation of thousands of loan-words (namely French) adopted during the
ME period. Probably, when these loans first entered the English language they
retained their original stress – on the ultimate or pen-ultimate syllable. But this kind
of stress could not be preserved for long and, gradually, as the loan-words were
assimilated, the word stress was moved closer to the beginning of the word in line
with the English system: e.g. vertu [ver´tju:] became NE virtue [
‗
v
ə
:t∫
ə
]. This process
is known as the
―
recessive
ǁ
tendency.
In words of three or more syllables the shift of the stress could be caused by the
recessive tendency and also by the
―
rhythmic
ǁ
tendency, which required a regular
alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. Under it, a secondary stress would
arise at a distance of one syllable from the original stress. This new stress was either
preserved as a secondary stress or else become the only or the principal stress of the
word.
Sometimes the shifting of the word stress should be attributed not only to the
phonetic tendencies but also to certain morphological factors. Thus stress was not
shifted to the prefixes of many verbs borrowed or built in Late ME and in Early NE,
which accords with the OE rule: to keep verb prefixes unstressed, e.g. the verb
pre’sent .
However, corresponding nouns sometimes received the stress on the first
syllable: e.g. NE
΄
present n - pre
΄
sent v;
΄
discord n - dis
΄
cord v. The latter pairs of
words show that the role of word accentuation has grown: word stress performs a
phonological function as it distinguishes a verb from a noun.
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