Боргуль Н. М. Пособие по основам теории изучаемого языка, печать
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5. Neologisms At the present moment English is developing very rapidly and there is so called neology blowup. R.Berchfield who worked at compiling a four-volume supplement to NYD says that on average 800 neologisms appear every year in Modern English. 74 Neologisms are 1) words and expressions used for new phenomena, objects, processes, that is, new concepts that appear in the course of language development; 2) new meanings of the already existing words; 3) new names for old concepts. Neologisms are a relative category: those words which were considered to be neologisms 100 or 50 years ago ( television, computer) lost their novelty today thus ceasing to be neologisms. Neologisms appear in a language due to the development of industry and technology, discovery of new lands, social and political events, etc. There exist various classifications of neologisms: semantic classification, classification based on the ways of forming neologisms, etc. According to the way neologisms are formed they may be subdivided into: phonological neologisms, borrowings, semantic neologisms, syntactical neologisms, etc. Phonological neologisms are formed by combining unique combinations of sounds, e.g. yuck (interjection used to express repulsion) Among neologisms we find a lot of words built by means of abbreviation and acronymy: e.g. SCUM (a self-centered urban male who has no interest in marriage or children), SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) § 6. Hyponymy and paronymy Hyponym (Greek ― under ǁ + ― name ǁ ) is a word the meaning of which may be said to be included in that of another word. Hyponymy is a paradigmatic relation of sense between a more specific, or subordinate lexeme, and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme, for example cow is a hyponym of animal , rose is a hyponym of flower, crimson of red , etc. And further, since rose, tulip, daffodil , etc. each is a hyponym of flower they are co-hyponyms of the same lexeme. Paronyms are words that are kindred both in sound form and meaning and therefore liable to be mixed but in fact different in meaning and usage and therefore only mistakenly interchanged. This is the case with the verbs to affect ( ― to influence ǁ ) and to effect ( ― to bring about ǁ , ― to result in ǁ ); with policy and politics ; moral and morale ; human and humane. |