Боргуль Н. М. Пособие по основам теории изучаемого языка, печать
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3. Antonymy Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, identical in style, expressing contrary or contradictory notions. Antonymy is not evenly distributed among the categories of parts of speech. Most antonyms are adjectives (e.g. high – low; strong – weak; friendly – hostile). 72 Verbs take second place (to lose – to find; to weep – to laugh). Nouns are not rich in antonyms though we can also find here a certain amount of such words (love – hatred, joy – grief) V.N. Comissarov in his dictionary of antonyms classified them into 2 groups: absolute or root antonyms ( late – early, old – young ) and derivational antonyms (to please – to displease, professional – non-professional). Absolute antonyms have different roots and derivational antonyms have the same roots but different affixes. Some linguists, however, do not consider words formed by means of adding negative affixes to be antonyms. It is more or less universally recognized that among the cases that are traditionally described as antonyms there are the following groups: 1) Contradictories which represent the type of semantic relations that exist between the pairs like dead and alive, single and married, perfect and imperfect. To use one of the terms is to contradict the other and to use not before one of them is to make it semantically equivalent to the other, e.g. not dead = alive, not single = married. Among contradictories we find a subgroup of words of the type young – old; big – small, etc. The difference between these and the antonymic pairs described above lies in the fact that to say ‗ not young‘ is not always to say ‗ old‘ – these words do not represent absolute values. 2) Contraries differ from contradictories mainly because contradictories admit no possibility between them: one is either single or married, dead or alive , whereas contraries admit such possibilities. This may be observed in cold – hot , and cool – warm which seem to be intermediate members. Thus we may regard as antonyms not only cold and hot , but also cold and warm . Contraries may be opposed to each other by the absence or presence of one of the components of meaning like sex or age. This can be illustrated by such pairs as man – woman, man- boy. 3) Incompatibles. Semantic relations of incompatibility exist among the antonyms with the common component of meaning and may be described as the reverse of hyponymy, i.e. as the relations of exclusion but not of contradiction. To say morning is to say not afternoon, not evening, not night. The negation of one member of this set however does not imply semantic equivalence with the other but excludes the possibility of the other words of this set. A relation of incompatibility may be observed between color terms since the choice of red, e.g. entails the exclusion of black, blue, yellow, etc. Naturally not all color terms are incompatible. Semantic relations between scarlet and red are those of hyponymy (By hyponymy is meant a semantic relationship of inclusion. Thus, e.g. vehicle includes car, bus, taxi; oak implies tree, etc.) жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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