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| UNIT 7. PHRASEOLOGY
§ 1. Free word groups versus set-phrases The vocabulary of a language includes not only words but also free word combinations and phraseological units. How to distinguish phraseological units from free word-groups is the most controversial problem in the field of phraseology (a branch of linguistics). The first attempt to place the study of various word-groups on a scientific basis was made by the outstanding Russian linguist A.A. Schachmatov in his world-famous 75 book Syntax. Schachmatov‘s work was followed by Academician V.V. Vinogradov. Investigation of English phraseology was initiated by prof. A.V. Koonin. Phraseological units are usually defined as non-motivated word-groups that cannot be freely made in the process of speech, they exist in the language as ready made units. American and British lexicographers call such units ‗ idioms‘, but this term is applied mostly to a certain type of phraseological unit. Besides the term ‗ phraseological unit‘ there exist some other terms denoting more or less the same linguistic phenomenon: ‗ set-expressions‘, ‗ set-phrases‘, ‗ fixed word-groups‘, ‗ collocations‘. The essential features of phraseological units are stability of the lexical components and lack of motivation whereas components of free word-groups may vary according to the needs of communication. Thus, for example, the constituent red in the free word-group red flower may, if necessary, be substituted for by any other adjective denoting color ( ‗ blue‘, ‗ white‘, etc), without essentially changing the denotational meaning of the word-group (a flower of a certain color). In the phraseological unit red tape (bureaucratic methods) such substitution is impossible, as a change of the adjective would involve a complete change in the meaning of the whole group. A blue (black, white) tape would mean ‗ a tape of a certain color‘. Grammatical structure of phraseological units is to a certain extent also stable. Thus, though the structural formula of the word-groups red flower and red tape is identical ( A + N) , the noun ‗ flower‘ may be used in the plural ( ‗ red flowers‘), whereas no such change is possible in the phraseological unit ‗ red tape‘; ‗ red tapes‘ would then denote ‗ tapes of red color‘ but not ‗ bureaucratic methods‘. There exist different classifications of phraseological units: according to the structure, according to the degree of motivation, according to the ways they are formed, etc. Some of the classifications are given below жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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