Theory and empirics. Features and characteristics of the empirical level of cognition. Features of
the empirical language of science. Formation of basic empirical knowledge, facts (observations,
experiments and measurements). "Theoretical loading" of empirical research methods. Features of
theoretical cognition. Structural components of theoretical cognition: problem, hypothesis, theory.
Criteria for scientific theory. Methods of theoretical cognition: formalization,
axiomatic method,
hypothetical-deductive method, the ascent from abstract to concrete.
Topic 6. "Scientific approaches, research strategies, styles of scientific thinking"
Science as a profession and a special activity. The ideals and norms of science as an idea of the
goals of scientific activity and how they are achieved. Cognitive installations regulating the process of
reproducing an object in various forms of scientific knowledge. Social standards of scientific research.
Features of the process of communication of researchers, scientific communities
and institutions with
each other and with society as a whole. Cognitive ideas of science, forming the scheme of the method of
research activity.
The concept of a style of thinking and its cultural and historical conditionality. Specifying the
ideals and norms of scientific research concerning the specifics of the subject area of each science. The
structure of ideals and norms of research: ideals and norms of explanation and description; evidence and
validity of knowledge; building and organizing knowledge. The regulatory role of the ideals and norms
of science concerning the scientific picture of
the world, theoretical models and laws.
The ethos of science, science and values. The ethics of science and the moral responsibility of a
scientist.
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