Topic 2. "Philosophy of the European Enlightenment"

equality before the law and law. The theory of social contract is Jean Jacques Rousseau. Criticism of 
feudal foundations in the works of Denis Diderot. Creation of the "Encyclopedia, or Interpretative 
Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts." Materialism Claude Adrian Gelvetia, Julien Offre Lametri and 
Paul Henri Golbach. Education as a path to social progress. Basic provisions of classical German 
philosophy 
Topic 3. "Philosophy of the late XIX - early XXI centuries 
Positivism: proclaiming the cult of science and changing the subject and the role of philosophy. 
Auguste Comte on philosophy as a synthetic science engaged in the generalization of the achievements of 
the natural sciences. John Stuart Mill's development of inductive logical methods of cognition. Herbert 
Spencer on the idea of the existence of evolution in the biological world. Logical positivism, analytical 
philosophy as the third stage of positivism. 
Hermeneutics as a general theory of understanding. Friedrich Schleiermacher: "Misunderstanding 
as a fundamental phenomenon." Wilhelm Dilthey: the development of the theoretical foundations of the 
"spirit sciences." The phenomenology of Edmund Husserl. Hans Georg Gadamer on understanding as a 
necessary condition for understanding social being 
Socio-philosophical conditions for the formation of existentialism. Seren Kierkegaard: man as the goal 
and meaning of world evolution. Martin Heidegger on the genuine existence of man. Jean-Paul Sartre: a 
person is a project that chooses freedom or non-freedom. The problem is absurd in the philosophy of 
Albert Camus.
Postmodernism: philosophy without a subject. Michel Foucault on the fundamental rethinking of 
the problem of the relationship between the elements of the subject-knowledge-world system. Jacques 
Derrida: Deconstruction as a way to study text. Structuralism searches for stable logical structures and 
object relationships. Claude Levi Strauss's appeal to the analysis of mythological thinking. Jean Lacan: 
structuralist revision of Freudian psychoanalysis. 
The philosophy of pragmatism. Charles Pearce on the inextricable link between rational knowledge 
and intelligent purpose, pragmatism. William James: The truth of knowledge is determined by its 
usefulness to human actions. The philosophy of the radical empiricism of John Dewey. 

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