Е. В. Баранова, С. М. Хасенова а в т о м а т т а н д ы р ы л ғ а н ж ү й е л е р д І ң ө н д е л у І

№ 2   2 0 1 0   г.
-   к о р р е к т и р о в к а   п р и   н э о б х о д и м о с т и ;
-   с о х р а н е н и е   в   р е е с т р е   м а р ш р у т о в ;
-   п е ч а т ь   к а р т ы   с   п р о л о ж е н н ы м   м а р ш р у т о м .
В с я   п р е д с т а в л я е м а я   и н ф о р м а ц и я   д л я   р е ш е н и я   з а д а ч и   п о и с к а   м а р ш р у т а   -   э т о   г р а ­
ф и ч е с к о е  и з о б р а ж е н и е   м а р ш р у т а  н а  к а р т е ,   в к л ю ч а ю щ а я  м а с с и в   п о з и ц и й  в с е х  о б с л у ж и ­
в а е м ы х   т о ч е к   и   п о з и ц и ю   о т п р а в н о й   и   к о н г ч н о й   т о ч е к  т р а н с п о р т а .
С а м ы м   п р о с т ы м   с п о с о б о м   н а х о ж д е н и я   о п т и м а л ь н о г о   п у т и   я в л я е т с я   п е р е б о р   в с е х  
в о з м о ж н ы х   в а р и а н т о в .   Т о г д а   ч т о б ы   н а й т и   н а и л у ч ш и й   в а р и а н т ,   п р и д е т с я   п е р е б р а т ь  
к о л и ч е с т в о   с о о т в е т с т в у ю щ е е   ф а к т о р и а л ь н о й  с л о ж н о с т и  з а д а ч и  ( N ! ) .   С л о ж н о с т ь  м е т о д а
-   э т о   н г к о т о р а я   ф у н к ц и я   о т   о с н о в н о г о   к о л и ч е с т в е н н о г о   п а р а м е т р а   з а д а ч и   N .   Ф у н к ц и я  
о п р е д е л я е т  п р и м е р н е е  к о л и ч е с т в о  о п е р а ц и й ,  к о т о р о е  ж о б х о д и м с е  в ы п о л н и т ь  д л я  р е ш е н и я  
з а д а ч и .   С у щ е с т в у е т   ж с к о л ь к о   о с н о в н ы х   т и п о в   с л о ж н о с т и   м е т о д а ,   э т о :
-   п о л и н о м и а л ь н а я ,   ( N x ) ,   X   -   н г к о т о р о е   н г и з в е с т н о е ,   м о ж е т   б ы т ь   и з в е с т н о   т о л ь к о  
д л я   к а к о й - т о   к о н к р е т н о й   з а д а ч и ;
-   э к с п о ж н ц и а л ь н а я ,   ( X N) ,   X   -   т а к ж е   н г к о т о р о е   н г и з в е с т н о е ,   м о ж е т   б ы т ь   и з в е с т н о  
т о л ь к о   д л я   к а к о й - т о   к о н к р е т н о й   з а д а ч и ;
-   ф а к т о р и а л ь н а я ,   ( N ! ) .
В   н а ш е м  к о н к р е т н о м  с л у ч а е   к о л и ч е с т в о   м а р ш р у т н ы х  т о ч е к  м о ж е т  д о х о д и т ь  д о  
30
, 
т . е .   к о л и ч е с т в о   р а с с ч и т ы в а е м ы х   р е ш е н и й   п р и   п о л н о м   п е р е б о р е   м о ж е т   д о с т и г а т ь   (
30
! )  
=  
2
,
65
*
1032
  в а р и а н т о в .   Э т о   о з н а ч а е т ,   ч т о   з а д а ч а   ж   м о ж е т   р е ш а т ь с я   э т и м   м е т о д о м   и з - з а  
с л и ш к о м  б о л ь ш о г о  в р е м е н и  з а т р а ч и в а е м о г о  н а  с а м  п е р е б о р .   П е р е х о д я  о т  б о ж е  п р о с т о г о  
р е ш е н и я   к   б о ж е   с л о ж н о м у   н у ж н о   о п р е д е л и т ь   в о з м о ж н о с т и   п р и   р е ш е н и и   з а д а ч и   т е м  
и л и   и н ы м   с п о с о б о м .
П р о б ж м у  с л и ш к о м  б о л ь ш о г о  к о л и ч е с т в а  п р о с м а т р и в а е м ы х  р е ш е н и й  м о ж н о  с о к р а ­
т и т ь ,   у б р а в   з а в е д о м о   н э о п т и м а л ь н ы е   п е р е м е щ е н и я ,   к   п р и м е р у ,   к о г д а   т р а н с п о р т   б у д е т  
п е р е с е к а т ь   с л и ш к о м   б о л ь ш е е   р а с с т о я н и е   и л и   п р о п у с к а я   п р и   э т о м   д р у г и е   т о ч к и :
Р и с у н о к  
1
  -   П р и м е р   з а в е д о м о   н э о п т и м а л ь н о г о   п е р е м е щ е н и я
В   с в о ю   о ч е р е д ь   ф о р м у л а ,   о п р е д е л я ю щ а я   э т у   з а в е д о м у ю   н э о п т и м а л ь н о с т ь   п е р е ­
д в и ж е н и я   т р а н с п о р т а ,   б ы л а   в ы в е д е н а   п у т е м   п р о в е д е н и я   м н о ж е с т в а   э к с п е р и м е н т о в ,   и  
я в л я е т с я  з а в и с и м о с т ь ю   о т н о с и т е л ь н о г о  у д л и н е н и я  р а с с т о я н и я   д о  н г к о т о р ы х  д в у х  т о ч е к  
о т  у г л а   м е ж д у   н и м и .   Т о ч к и   д л я   с р а в н е н и я   в ы б и р а ю т с я   п о п а р н о ,   т о   е с т ь   п е р в о н а ч а л ь н о  
б е р е т с я   т о ч к а ,   д л я   к о т о р о й   н е о б х о д и м о   н а й т и   в с е   в о з м о ж н ы е   п у т и ,   т а к   н а з ы в а е м а я   б а ­
з о в а я   т о ч к а .   П о с ж   э т о г о   б е р у т с я   в с е   о с т а в ш и е с я   т о ч к и   в   п о р я д к е   у д а ж н и я   о т   б а з о в о й .  
С а м а я   б л и ж а й ш а я   с р а з у   в н о с и т с я   в   с п и с о к   в о з м о ж н ы х   х о д о в ,   к а ж д а я   с л е д у ю щ а я   т о ч к а  
с р а в н и в а е т с я   с   к а ж д о й   и з   с п и с к а   в о з м о ж н ы х   х о д о в   ч е р е з   с о о т н о ш е н и е :
2 1

Н А У К А   И   Т Е Х Н И К А   К А З А Х С Т А Н А
(Л, 
А 2 )  
< 2 *(у + 2 *ү 
+  з )  
(1),
m
i n ^ ,  А 2 )
г д е   у   -  э т о   у г о л   м е ж д у  д в у м я  т о ч к а м и   д е л е н н ы й   н а  д е с я т ь .   В   о с н о в а н и и   э т о г о  у г л а  
л е ж и т   б а з о в а я   т о ч к а ;
A j ,   A j -  э т о   р а с с т о я н и я   о т   б а з о в о й   т о ч к и   д о   т о ч к и   о д и н   и   д в а   с о о т в е т с т в е н н о ;
m i n ( A 1,  А 2)   -   э т о   ф у н к ц и я ,   в о з в р а щ а ю щ а я   м и н и м а л ь н о е   и з   д в у х   з н а ч е н и й .
Е с л и   д л я   ш к о т о р о й   в ы б р а н н о й   т о ч к и   в ы п о л н я е т с я   ш р а в ш с т в о   д л я   в с е х   в ю п о ч а ш ы х  
в  с п и с о к  т о ч е к ,   т о   э т а  т о ч к а  т а к ж е   в н о с и т ь с я   в   с п и с о к  с о с е д н и х   о т н о с и т е л ь н о   б а з о в о й ,   е с л и  
у с л о в и е  п р и  п р о с м о т р е  з н а ч о ш й  х о т ь   о д и н  р а з   i c   в ы п о л н я е т с я ,   т о  т о ч к а  в   с п и с о к  ш  д о б а в ­
л я е т с я .   Н а  р и с у н к е  
2
  и з о б р а ж а л . !  р е з у л ь т а т ы  р а б о т ы  э т о г о   м е т о д а  д л я  о д н о й  и з  т о ч е к .
Р и с у н о к  
2
  -   И л л ю с т р а ц и я   р е з у л ь т а т о в   м е т о д а   о т б о р а   н э о п т и м а л ь н ы х  
п е р е м е щ е н и й   т р а н с п о р т а
Н а  р и с у н к е   о р а н ж е в ы м  ц в е т о м  к р у ж к о м  п о м е ч е н а  б а з о в а я  т о ч к а ,  ж е л т ы м  т е  т о ч к и ,  
к о т о р ы е   в о ш л и   в   с п и с о к   с о с е д н и х ,   к р а с н ы м   о б о з н а ч е н ы   т е ,   к о т о р ы е   н г   в о ш л и .   Т а к ж е  
п о м е ч е н   у г о л ,   м е ж д у   д в у м я   т о ч к а м и ,   и   с о о т в е т с т в у ю щ е е   э т о й   п а р е   т о ч е к   м а к с и м а л ь н о  
р а з р е ш е н н о е   у д а л е н и е   о т   б а з о в о й   т о ч к и   -   г о л у б ы м   к р у ж к о м .
Т а к и м   о б р а з о м ,   с   п о м о щ ь ю   э т о г о   м е т о д а   у п р о щ е н и я   к о л и ч е с т в о   п е р е б и р а е м ы х  
в а р и а н т о в   с о к р а щ а е т с я   п р и м е р н о   д о  
5
N .  Т о   е с т ь   с л о ж н о с т ь   з а д а ч и   у ж е   с т а н о в и т ь с я   п о ­
л и н о м и а л ь н о й ,   ч т о   з н а ч и т е л ь н о   у м е н ь ш а е т   в р е м я ,   з а т р а ч и в а е м о е   н а   о б р а б о т к у   о д н о г о  
з а д а н и я .   С а м а   ж е   з а д а ч а   п р и в о д и т ь с я   о т   о б щ е г о   к   ф о р м у л и р о в к е   п р и н я т о й   в   т е о р и и  
г р а ф о в ,   г д е   с у щ е с т в у е т   б о л ь ш е й   в ы б о р   м е т о д о в   д л я   р е ш е н и я   з а д а ч .
Г р а ф ,   п о л у ч а е м ы й   п о с ж   э т и х   п р е о б р а з о в а н и й ,   я в л я е т с я   о р и е н т и р о в а н н ы м ,   ч т о  
т а к ж е   д о п о л н и т е л ь н о   с о к р а щ а е т   к о л и ч е с т в о   в а р и а н т о в   р е ш е н и й .
Т е п е р ь   с ж д у е т   р а с с м о т р е т ь   о с н о в н ы е   а л г о р и т м ы ,   к о т о р ы е   м о г у т   б ы т ь   п р и м е т е н ы  
п р и  п о и с к е  л у ч ш е г о  п у т и  в  о р и е н т и р о в а н н о м  г р а ф е .   З а д а ч а  р е ш а е т с я  с  п о м о щ ь ю  м е т о д а  
п о и с к а  в  г л у б и н у  -  м е т о д а  « в е т в е й  и  г р а н и ц » .   Э т о  м е т о д  п е р е б о р а  в с е х  в а р и а н т о в ,   о д и н  
з а   д р у г и м   п о   о ч е р е д и .   У   э т о г о   м е т о д а   в   з н а ч и т е л ь н о й   с т е п е н и   м е н ь ш и е   т р е б о в а н и я   к  
т е х н и ч е с к и м  х а р а к т е р и с т и к а м  к о м п ь ю т е р а .   П о т о м у  ч т о  в  о д и н  м о м е н т  в р е м е н и  в   о п е р а ­
т и в н е й  п а м я т и  р а с с м а т р и в а е т с я  т о л ь к о  о д и н  в а р и а н т  р е ш е н и я .   С а м  м е т о д  з а к л ю ч а е т с я  в  
д о р а б о т к е   о с н о в н о г о  ц и к л а  м е т о д а  п о л н о г о  п е р е б о р а ,   о б ы ч н о  в н у т р и  ц и к л а  д о б а в л я е т с я  
к о м а н д а ,   п р о в е р я ю щ а я  в о з м о ж н о с т ь  в ы п о л н е н и я  у с л о в и я  о п т и м а л ь н о с т и ,  о с н о в ы в а я с ь  н а  
у ж е   и з в е с т н ы х  д а н н ы х .   А  в о з м о ж н о с т ь  в ы п о л н е н и я  у с л о в и я  м о ж е т  п р о в е р я т ь с я ,   н а п р и ­
2 2

№ 2   2 0 1 0   г.
м е р ,   т а к :   п р о й д я   д в а д ц а т ь   в ы д е л е н н ы х   т о ч е к   и з   т р и д ц а т и ,   п р е й д е н н ы й   п у т ь   с о с т а в л я е т  
д в е н а д ц а т ь  к и л о м е т р о в ,   а  н а  д а н н ы й  м о м е н т  с а м с е  л у ч ш е е  н а й д е н н о е  р е ш е н и е  с о с т а в л я е т  
д е с я т ь ,   с о о т в е т с т в е н н о   м е н ь ш е   д е с я т и   к и л о м е т р о в   п о л н ы й   п р о й д е н н ы й   п у т ь   у ж е   н з   б у ­
д е т ,   и  у с л о в и е   о п т и м а л ь н о с т и  д л я  д а н н о г о   м а р ш р у т а  в ы п о л н я ю   б ы т ь   н г   м о ж е т .   Л о ж н е е  
з н а ч е н и е  э т о г о  у с л о в и я  о з н а ч а е т ,   ч т о  п е р е б и р а т ь  л ю б ы е  п о с ж д о в а т е л ь н о с т и  о с т а в ш и х с я ,  
н г   п р о й д е н н ы м и   т о ч е к   ж   и м е е т   с м ы с л а ,   и   м о ж н о   п е р е х о д и т ь   к   д р у г и м   в а р и а н т а м ,   э т о  
д е й с т в и е   и   н а з ы в а е т с я   « о т с е ч е н и е м   в е т в и » .   Э т о т   а л г о р и т м   п е р е б о р а   и м е е т   д о в о л ь н о  
ш и р о к и й   п р о с т о р   д л я   д о б а в л е н и я   и л и   м о д и ф и к а ц и й   в   д и а п а з о н е   у с л о в и й   п р о в е р к и .
П е р в о н а ч а л ь н о  в ы ч и с л я ю т с я  м и н и м а л ь н ы е  р а с с т о я н и я ,  к о л и ч е с т в о  к о т о р ы х  р а в н о  
о б щ е м у  ч и с л у  з а д а н н ы х  т о ч е к ,   м е ж д у  л ю б ы м и  п а р а м и  с о с е д н и х ,   э т и  д а н н ы е  з а н о с я т с я  в  
м а с с и в .   Т е м  с а м ы м  с т а н о в и т ь с я  и з в е с т н о й  и н ф о р м а ц и я ,  з а  к а к о е  м и н и м а л ь н о е  р а с с т о я н и е  
м о ж н о   п р е й т и   к   н г и з в е с т н ы х   п у н к т о в   н а з н а ч е н и я .   П е р е м е н н а я   к   з д е с ь   р а в н а   к о л и ч е с ­
т в у   е щ е   н г   п р е й д е н н ы х   т о ч е к .   С а м о   п р е д п о л о ж е н и е   о с н о в ы в а е т с я   н а   т о м ,   ч т о   и з в е с т н о  
м и н и м а л ь н о е   и л и   ж с к о л ь к о   м е н ь ш е е   ч и с л о ,   ч е м   м и н и м а л ь н ы й   п у т ь   д о   о к о н ч а н и я  
м а р ш р у т а .   А н а л о г и ч н а   с   п о м о щ ь ю   э т о г о   р а с с т о я н и я  з а м ы к а е т с я   п у т ь   и   с р а в н и в а е т с я   с  
л у ч ш и м  и з  н а й д е н н ы х  р е ш е н и й .   Е с л и  т е к у щ е е  л у ч ш е е  р е ш е н и е  у ж е  и м е е т  д л и н у  м е н ь ш е ,  
ч е м   п р о с м а т р и в а е м о е ,   т о   у с л о в и е   в о з м о ж н о с т и   о п т и м а л ь н о г о   и с х о д а   п р и   д а л ь ж й ш е м  
р а с ч е т е   э т о г о   д е р е в а   в а р и а н т о в   в ы д а е т   з н а ч е н и е   « л о ж ь »   и   п е р е х о д и т   ж   « в   г л у б ь » ,   а   к  
п а р а л ж л ь н о м у   в а р и а н т у   и л и   н а з а д .
Т а к и м   о б р а з о м ,  т е о р и я  г р а ф о в  п о з в о л я е т  у д о в ж т в о р и т ь  в с е  т р е б о в а н и я  р а з р а б а т ы ­
в а е м о й   а в т о м а т и з и р о в а н н е й   с и с т е м о й   о п т и м и з а ц и и   м а р ш р у т о в   п р е д п р и я т и я .
2 3

Н А У К А   И   Т Е Х Н И К А   К А З А Х С Т А Н А
К.Т.  Баубеков, С.С.  Беркетов 
УДК 621.181:661.98
Павлодарский государственный университет 
им.  С.  Торайгырова 
Х.А. Алимов
Ташкентский государственный технический университет 
им. Абу Райхана Беруни, г.  Ташкент
ОБ АКТУАЛЬНОСТИ СНИЖЕНИЯ 
ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ОКСИДОВ 
АЗОТА В ТОПКАХ КОТЛОВ
Аталган  мацалада  автор  цазандарды  ж агу  кезінде  азот 
шыгындарының  қалыптасуын  төмендету  өзектілігі  мәселесі 
царастырады.
In  the present article  the  authors  examine  the  issues  o f the  ur­
gency  o f the  decreasing  the  carbon  dioxide  determination  in  the fire 
chambers.
И з в е с т н о ,   ч т о   т о к с и ч н о с т ь   о к с и д о в   а з о т а   о б ы ч н о   н а   (
40
-
60
)   %   о п р е д е л я е т   т о к с и ч ­
н о с т ь   п р о д у к т о в   с г о р а н и я   у г л я   и   м а з у т а   и   н а   (
92
-
98
)  
%
  п р и р о д н о г о   г а з а ,   ч е м   и   о б ъ я с ­
н я е т с я   у с и л е н н е е   к   н г м у   в н и м а н и е   т е п л о э н г р г е т и к о в .   Н е д а в н о   в   К а з а х с т а ш   п р и н я т ы  
з н а ч е н и я  п р е д е л ь н о  д о п у с т и м ы х  к о н ц е н т р а ц и й  ( П Д К ) ,  я в л я ю щ и е с я  о с н о в н ы м  к р и т е р и е м  
с а н и т а р н о - г и г и е н и ч е с к о й   о ц е н к и   к а ч е с т в а   в о з д у х а ,   д л я   д и о к с и д а   а з о т а  
N 0 2
 
[
1
] .   О д н а к о  
с о б л ю д е н и е  П Д К  е щ е  ш  и с к л ю ч а е т  в р е д н о г о  в о з д е й с т в и я  о к с и д о в  а з о т а  н а  п р и р о д у .   Э т о  
с в я з а н о   с   т е м ,   ч т о   п р о б ж м а   к и с л о т н ы х   д о ж д е й   с у щ е с т в ) е т   н г з а в и с и м о   о т   с о б л ю д е н и я  
н о р м  П Д В   п о   о к с и д а м  а з о т а  и  с е р н и с т о м у  а н г и д р и д у  и  с в я з а н а  с  м а с с о й  в ы б р а с ы в а е м ы х  
в   а т м о с ф е р у  
NOx
 
и  
S 0 2,
 
к о т о р ы е   к  т о м у   ж е   п е р е н о с я т с я   н а   б о л ь ш и е   р а с с т о я н и я .
Н а   с е г о д н я ш н и й   д ш ь   у с т а р е в ш и й  
п а р к   к о т л о в   м а л о й   м о щ н о с т и   т р е б у е т   п о л н о й  
з а м е н ы ,   т а к   к а к   а н а л и з   с о с т о я н и я   и с п о л ь з о в а н и я   г а з а   и   т е х н и ч е с к а я   д и а г н о с т и к а   п а р о в ы х  
и  в о д о г р е й н ы х  к о т л о в   У з б е к и с т а н а  ( т е п л о п р о и з в о д и т е л ь н о с т ь ю   д о  
1,0
  Г к а л /  ч а с )   п о к а з а л и  
н и з к у ю   э ф ф е к т и в н о с т ь   и   ш в ы с о к у ю   н а д е ж н о с т ь   р а б о т ы   э т и х   к о т л о в   [
2
] .   О с н о в н о й   п р и ч и ­
н о й   в с е х   г е г а т и в н ы х   п р о ц е с с о в   в   н и х ,   а   и м е н н о :   о б р а з о в а н и я  
NOx
 
в   п р о д у к т а х   с г о р а н и я ,  
к о р р о з и и   м е т а л л а ,   н а к и п е о б р а з о в а н и я   э к р а н н ы х   п о в е р х н о с т е й   н а г р е в а   ( т р у б ) ,   и х   р а з р ы в ,  
у в е л и ч ш и е   г а б а р и т н ы х   р а з м е р о в   и   м е т а л л о е м к о с т и   я в л я е т с я   ш р а в н о м е р н о е   р а с п р е д е і н ш е  
л о к а л ь н ы х  т е п л о в ы х  п о т о к о в  п о  э к р а н н ы м  п о в е р х н о с т я м  н а г р е в а  т о п о ч н о г о  п р о с т р а н с т в а  и з -  
з а  ^ р а в н о м е р н о с т и  п о ж й  т е м п е р а т у р  ф а к е л а  и  т о п о ч н ы х  г а з о в  в  т о п о ч н о м  о б ъ е м е .  В о п р о с ы  
п о в ы ш а л и  р а в н о м е р н о с т и  р а с п р е д е ш ш я  л о к а л ь н ы х  т е п л о в ы х   п о т о к о в   и   и н т ш е и ф и к а ц и и  
с у м м а р н ы х  т е п л о о б м а ш ы х  п р о ц е с с о в  п р а к т и ч е с к и  к
 и з у ч ш ы ,  е ж д о в а т е л ь щ  в  с о в р е м а ш ы х  
т е п л о в ы х  р а с ч е т а х  п а р о в ы х  и  в о д о г р е й н ы х  к о т л о в  i c  у ч и т ы в а ю т с я  и  д л я  в н о в ь  с о з д а в а е м ы х  
к о т л о в   э т и  п р о б ж м ы  д а ж е   i c   с т а в я т с я .
К р о м е  т о щ  м а л ы е  к о т л ы  ф и з и ч е с к и  и  м о р а л ь н о  у с т а р е л и .   Ф а к т и ч е с к и й  к . п . д .   в ы ш е с к а ­
з а н н ы х  м а л ы х  к о т л о в  ж   п р е в ы ш а е т  
65-70
  % ,   р а б о т а  п р и  н о м и н а л ь н ы х  н а г р у з к а х  в ы з ы в а е т
2 4

№ 2   2 0 1 0   г.
с и л ь н ы е  г и д р а в л и ч е с к и е  у д а р ы ,  з а с о р а ш е  в н у т р о ш и х  э к р а н н ы х  п о в е р х н о с т е й  н а к и п ь ю ,  а  н а ­
р у ж н ы х  -  с а ж и с т ы м и  ч а с т и ц а м и  и  т . д .  К о н с т р у к т и в н ы м и  и х  щ ц о с т а г к а м и  я в л я ю т с я  б о л ь ш и е  
г а б а р и т н ы е   р а з м е р ы   и   м е т а л л о е м к о с т ь .   Н е с о м ш п щ   и с с ж д о в а н и е   и   п о п ы т к и   о п т и м и з а ц и и  
к о н с т р у к ц и й  у с т а р е в ш е г о  п а р к а  м а л ы х  к о т л о в  ж ц е л г с о о б р а з н ы .  В  с в я з и  с  э т и м ,  в  К а з а х с т а ж  
в о с т р е б о в а н ы   н о в ы е   т и п ы   м а л ы х   к о т л о в ,   о т в е ч а ю щ и е   в с е м   с о в р е м е н н ы м   э к о л о г и ч е с к и м ,  
н а д е ж н о с т н ы м   и   т е х н и к о - э к о н о м и ч е с к и м   п о к а з а т е л я м   р а б о т ы   к о т л а .
С у щ е с т в у ю щ и е   п а р о в ы е   и   в о д о г р е й н ы е   к о т л ы   -   с л о ж н ы е   т е х н и ч е с к и е   о б ъ е к т ы ,  
в   к о т о р ы х   о д н о в р е м е н н о   п р о т е к а ю т   р а з л и ч н ы е   ф и з и к о - х и м и ч е с к и е   п р о ц е с с ы   и   и с т о ­
р и ч е с к и   с л о ж и в ш и е с я   к л а с с и ч е с к и е   к о н ф и г у р а ц и и   т о п о к ,   в и д ы   к о м п о н о в о к   к о т л о в ,  
ф о р м ы  к о н в е к т и в н ы х  г а з о х о д о в  я в л я ю т с я  п о з и т и в н о й  р е а л и з а ц и е й  з а м ы с л о в  ж   о д н о г о  
п о к о л е н и я  
у ч е н ы х  и  к о н с т р у к т о р о в .   К р о м е  т о г о ,   э т и  к о н ф и г у р а ц и и ,   к о м п о н о в к и  и  ф о р м ы  
к о т л о в  п о з в о л я ю т  к о м п л е к с н о  р е ш а т ь  п р о б ж м ы ,   с в я з а н н ы е  с  т е х н о л о г и е й  и з г о т о в ж н и я  
п о в е р х н о с т е й   н а г р е в а   к о т л а ,   и х   т р а н с п о р т и р о в к и ,   м о н т а ж а ,   у д о б с т в а   э к с п л у а т а ц и и   и  
о б с л у ж и в а н и я ,   р е м о н т о п р и г о д н о с т и   и   т . д .   П о э т о м у   д л я   б о л ь ш и н с т в а   с п е ц и а л и с т о в   ж  
п р е д с т а в л я е т с я  в о з м о ж н ы м  р е а л и з а ц и я   н о в ы х  б о ж е   с о в е р ш е н н ы х   к о н с т р у к ц и и  к о т л о в  
к а к  в  т е х н и ч е с к о м ,  т а к  и ,  в  ф и н а н с о в о м  п л а ж .  П р и  э т о м  з а ч а с т у ю  п р и  а н а л и з е  в ж д р я е м ы х  
н а  б о л ь ш и х  к о т л а х  м е р о п р и я т и й  с о з д а е т с я  в п е ч а т ж н и е ,   ч т о   о н и   в   о с н о в н о м   б о р ю т с я  с о  
с ж д с т в и я м и ,   а   ж   п р и ч и н а м и   о б р а з о в а н и я   т о к с и ч н ы х   о к с и д о в   а з о т а .
П у т и   у п р а в ж н и я   п р о ц е с с о м   п о д а в ж н и я   о б р а з о в а н и я  
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