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The Russian Federation was established by the Constitution of 1993. Under the Constitution Russia is 
a democratic federative law-governed state with a republican form of government. The Russian 
Federation consists of 83 constituent entities (republics, regions, and territories, cities of federal 
significance, the autonomous regions and one autonomous area, which have equal rights). The 
authorities of the constituent entities have the right to pass laws independently of the federal 
government. The laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation may not contradict federal laws. In 
case of conflicts between federal and local authorities, the President uses consensual procedures to 
resolve the problem. In the event a consensus is not reached, the dispute is transferred to the 
appropriate court for its resolution. 
The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state. He is the Supreme Commander-in-
Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The President organizes and heads the Security 
Council of Russia, signs treaties, enforces the law. The President appoints ministers, who are subject to 
approval by the Federal Assembly. He nominates judges to the Constitutional Court, the Supreme 
Court and the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, and the Procurator-General of the 
Russian Federation. The President has the right to introduce the state of emergency within the Russian 
Federation. He announces pre-term elections. He has the right to suspend the acts of executive bodies 
of the Russian Federation members, if they contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, 
federal laws or the international obligations of the Russian Federation. 
State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of its separation into legislative, 
executive and judicial branches. Each of them is balanced by the President. 
The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly (the Parliament). It consists of two 
chambers: the Federation Council (the upper chamber) and the State Duma (the lower chamber). The 
two chambers of the Federal Assembly possess different powers and responsibilities, the State Duma 
being the more powerful. The Federation Council includes two representatives from each constituent 
entity of the Russian Federation, one from the representative and one from the executive bodies of the 
subject of the Federation. 
The State Duma consists of 450 deputies and is elected for a term of 4 years. In December 
2008 the term was extended to 5 years. Each chamber elects a chairman (the Speaker) to control the 
internal procedures of the chamber. The Federal Assembly is a permanently functioning body. The 
Federation Council and the State Duma sit separately. Their sessions are open (public). Each of the 
Houses forms committees and commissions and holds hearings on the appropriate issues. Bills may be 
initiated by each chamber. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both chambers and signed 
by the President. The President may veto the bill. 
The executive power is exercised by the Government which consists of the Chairman of the 
Government (the Prime Minister), deputy chairmen and federal ministers. The Prime Minister is 
appointed by the President with the consent of the State Duma. Should the selected candidate be 
rejected three times, the President appoints the Prime Minister himself, dissolves the State Duma and 
announces new elections. The Prime Minister proposes to the President his candidates for the offices 
of federal ministers. The Government presents a draft budget to be discussed by the State Duma and 
provides its implementation as well as realization of financial, credit and monetary policies. It carries 
out measures to ensure legality, rights and freedoms of citizens, protects property, public order and 
combats crimes. The Government ensures state security and the realization of foreign policy. It pursues 
a uniform state policy in the sphere of culture, science, education, social security, health and ecology. 
Justice in the Russian Federation is treated as a special type of state activity. It is administered 
by courts of law unified within a single judicial system which is independent of other state systems. 
The aim of justice in Russia is to safeguard both the citizens’ rights and interests as well as those of the 
state and individual institutions, enterprises and organizations. Judicial power is effected by means of 
constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal judicial proceedings. Judges are independent and 
subject only to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law. 

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