Қазан–қараша–желтоқсан 30 желтоқсан 2015 ж. 1996 жылдан бастап шығады Жылына 4 рет шығады
High-temperature strength and corrosion resistance of alloy steel coatings
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- The weight loss of the coating produced in argon, after heat treatment at 600 °C for 100 hours
- The weight loss of the coating produced in a nitrogen atmosphere after heat treatment at 600 °C for 100 hours
- Corrosion Rates at 600 °C the coating obtained in argon
- The corrosion rate at 600 °C the coating produced in nitrogen
- The rate of corrosion of the most corrosion-resistant steels
- Melting point multielement coatings obtained in argon
- Melting point multielement coatings obtained in a nitrogen atmosphere
High-temperature strength and corrosion resistance of alloy steel coatings The investigated coatings were deposited by ion-plasma method while spraying cathode 12X18H10T steel and composite cathodes. It is shown that the larger the surface tension of the coating, the greater the heat resistance. Since the surface tension of the metal is proportional to its melting temperature, it follows that the high-temperature strength primarily depends on the melting point of the metal. The higher melting temperature metal, the higher the recrystallization temperature. As shown experimentally, that the greater the surface tension of the coating, the greater the corrosion resistance.
Under high-temperature strength
refers to the ability of the material to resist mechanical failure at high temperatures. Already in the 80s of the last century it became clear that you must not go towards the creation of special heat-resistant alloys and application technology to create a variety of heat-resistant coatings to parts of machines and mechanisms operating in extreme conditions. In subsequent years, the interest in heat- resistant materials and coatings continued to grow with the development of rocket and space technology, en- ergy, etc. If the product is working in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature (500..550) o C without large loads, it is sufficient that they were only heat-resistant (for example, parts of heating furnaces). To improve the heat resistance of the steel elements are introduced, which form oxides with oxygen dense lattice structure (chromium, silicon, aluminum). High heat resistance have silhromy, nickel-based alloys — nichrome, steel 08Х17Т, 36Х18Н25С2, 15Х6СЮ. Heat resistance — the ability of a metal to resist plastic deformation and fracture at high temperatures. Heat-resistant materials are used for the manufacture of parts operating at high temperatures when there is a phenomenon of creep. In both cases there is a failure of metals, alloys and coatings. The destruction of the metals in supply of thermal energy is accompanied by accumulation of thermal stress, leading to an increase in the density of dislocations, various defects [1–3]. A special place in the complex of measures to ensure the smooth operation of the equipment is given the reliable protection against corrosion and wear. Corrosion protection is for many years one of the topical issues that are of great importance for the in- dustry and the national economy [4–8]. The need for measures to protect against corrosion is dictated by the fact that the losses from corrosion bring very big damage. According to reports, about 10% of the annual production of the metal used to cover irrecoverable losses due to corrosion and subsequent spraying. The main damage caused by the corrosion of the metal is associated not only with the loss of large amounts of metal but with the damage or failure of themselves metal structures and mechanisms, as a result of corrosion of various parts and components neces- sary to lose strength, ductility, impermeability, thermal and electrical conductivity, reflectivity ability and other necessary qualities. To reduce the cost of metal, increasing the reliability and durability of machine parts and equipment, there are only two ways: • the use of special steels and alloys; • coating of articles during manufacture or repair. Since the production of special steels and alloys due to the consumption of scarce and costly special materials and components, in all industrialized countries is not increasing production of special steels and alloys, using the most advanced technology for coating and hardening of parts. Серия «Физика». № 4(80)/2015 Currently applying refractory c Thus, various formulations targets in with non-ferrous metals. [18] invest phere. Fig. 1 and 2 show electron mi Figure 1. Th Aluminum content of 15 at.%. fects the mechanical and tribologica GPa and CrAlN coating — 34,8 GP 0.56 to 0.42 to the coating CrN coat resistance) than CrN coating. Industrial tests of coatings CrA in comparison with the coating CrN Figure 2. Th High-temperatur
coatings made substantially vacuum arc or magn nclude metals such as chromium, titanium, and zi tigated the spray coating of chromium and alumin icroscopic images and XPS and CrN coatings CrA he electron microscopic image and XPS CrN coating at 550 °C (a) and at 800 °C (b) [18] This hydride phase underwent fragmentation (fig al properties of the coating. For the coating of Cr a, i.e. hardness change slightly. The coefficient o ting CrAlN. However, CrAlN coatings have a hig AlN, described in [18], showed improved perform . This coating was even better than traditional tita he electron microscope image and XPS CrAiN coating at 550 °C (a) and at 800 °C (b) [18] re strength and corrosion… 25 netron sputtering [9–21]. irconium in combination num in a nitrogen atmos- AlN.
rN microhardness is 35.8 f friction decreases from gh thermal stability (heat mance tool steel AISI M2, anium nitride coatings.
V.Ch.Laurinas, A.Sh.Syzdykova et al. 26
Consider some of the anti-corro erosion and corrosion of austenitic s Corrosion of steel was estimated by containing the suspension of 3,5% N Figure 3. Synerg wit
Suitable authors noteworthy be the fact that the joint cooperation ce greater than the sum of the effects of it enhances communication elements Currently, treatment synergism mulated the basic laws. However, th does not give a quantitative descript that the interpretation of experiment In [24] showed that the corrosi straints on its surface treatment, in the surface layer of the alloy. Interesting is the work of [28] tool steel. It set a goal — to link the tion over the area of the sample wi emergence of corrosion spots at an e In [29] studied magnetron coat to corrosion, even in the enriched ( rence of corrosion resistance shown Figure 4. Schem Вестник Караг Anti-corrosion coatings osion coatings obtained by magnetron sputtering steel AISI 304L with the content of nitrogen in th weight loss by oxidation, and erosion of — Analy aCl and quartz particles. The results of this work a
ism between corrosion and erosion of the steel AISI 3 thout nitriding (a) and after nitriding (b) [22] cause, in general, the synergy — is a property of elements (subsystems) provided an increase in th f these elements (subsystems) acting independently (subsystems), provided their coordinated function m devoted a huge amount of work: developed its his theory is based on general systems theory, w tion of the observed effects. Therefore, we will n tal data. ion resistance of aluminum alloy is anisotropic. T particular on its polishing, which creates a certa , which investigated the corrosion resistance of t e mechanical properties of the coatings at the nano th corrosion-resistant coatings. Using this appro early stage and eventually predict early «corrosive ting niobium — niobium oxide. The coating show (heavy) water, obtained by proton irradiation. Th in fig. 4. matic diagram of the formation of the diffusion barrier [ гандинского университета [22–29]. [22] studied the he coating to 0.55 wt.%. ysis damage steel reactor are shown in fig. 3. 04L the system, consisting in heir total effect to a value y from each other. Hence, ning in the system. s own methodology, for- which is so common, that not refer to the synergies This imposes certain con- ain dislocation density in the coatings FeCrVN on oscale and their distribu- oach, one can predict the e breakdown» alloy. wed very high resistance he mechanism of occur-
[29]
High-temperature strength and corrosion… Серия «Физика». № 4(80)/2015 27 Although niobium is chemically inert, but it has a coating of a columnar structure characteristic of sin- gle-phase films. Therefore, acid or enriched with honey water diffuses these «pillars». With simultaneous sputtering of niobium and niobium oxide, the latter being an amorphous structure, fills the space between the pillars and dramatically increases the value of the diffusion barrier.
We investigated coatings were deposited by ion-plasma method while spraying cathode 12X18H10T steel and composite cathodes. Method for determination of heat resistance is based on GOST 6130-71 «Metals. Methods for determination of heat resistance» and coatings the determination of heat resistance of thermal spray coatings. Heat resistance is determined by exposing the coated specimens (and uncoated control) in an air oven for a predetermined time at a constant temperature, followed by weighing, examination, metallo- graphic examination. Accelerated cyclic tests carried out by switching off the oven (10–50) hours. The re- sults of the experiment are shown in table 1 and 2. T a b l e 1
The coating Mass of oxides of coating, mg A sample of uncoated, steel 45 56,8 12Х18Н10Т+Zr 24,4 12Х18Н10Т+Zn-Cu-Al 14,4 12Х18Н10Т+Fe-Al 5,6 12Х18Н10Т+Zn-Al 14,2 12Х18Н10Т+Al 4,8 12Х18Н10Т+Cu 2,7 T a b l e 2 The weight loss of the coating produced in a nitrogen atmosphere after heat treatment at 600 °C for 100 hours The coating Mass of oxides of coating, mg A sample of uncoated, steel 45 56,8 12Х18Н10Т+Zr 35,1 12Х18Н10Т+Zn-Cu-Al 20,7 12Х18Н10Т+Fe-Al 8,1 12Х18Н10Т+Zn-Al 20,4 12Х18Н10Т+Al 6,9 12Х18Н10Т+Cu 3,9
Comparison of the results in Tables 1 and 2 with the results of [30] follows the conclusion: the greater the surface tension of the coating, the greater the heat resistance. If the heat resistance mark — ζ, say some- thing mathematically can be expressed as a functional relationship:
( )
, = f C (1) where C — a constant. Since the surface tension of the metal is proportional to its melting temperature, it follows that the high- temperature strength primarily depends on the melting point of the metal.
In cases where the corrosion process proceeds as general corrosion, to evaluate the corrosion rate can change the amount of metal used in a process changing the amount of the reaction agent (oxidant), or one of the products of corrosion over time. Since the corrosion process is heterogeneous, the appropriate quantita- tive characteristics should be referred to the unit surface. Tables 3 and 4 shows the corrosion rate at 600 °C investigated coatings is determined by the formula:
/
к v = m S t (2) where Δm — decrease (increase) in weight; S — area of the sample; t — time. V.Ch.Laurinas, A.Sh.Syzdykova et al. 28
Вестник Карагандинского университета Comparison of the results of Tables 3 and 4, with the results of [30] follows the conclusion: the greater the surface tension of the coating, the greater the corrosion resistance. If corrosion resistance mark — χ, say something mathematically can be expressed as a functional relationship:
1
, = f C
(3) where C 1 – a constant. Formulas 1 and 3 are mathematically equivalent. The only difference in the constants C and C 1 . T a b l e 3 Corrosion Rates at 600 °C the coating obtained in argon The coating Corrosion Rates, g/m 2 ·h A sample of uncoated, steel 45 2,84
12Х18Н10Т+Zr 1,22 12Х18Н10Т+Zn-Cu-Al 0,72 12Х18Н10Т+Fe-Al 0,28 12Х18Н10Т+Zn-Al 0,71 12Х18Н10Т+Al 0,24 12Х18Н10Т+Cu 0,13 T a b l e 4
The coating Corrosion Rates, g/m 2 ·h A sample of uncoated, steel 45 2,84
12Х18Н10Т+Zr 1,76 12Х18Н10Т+Zn-Cu-Al 1,03 12Х18Н10Т+Fe-Al 0,40 12Х18Н10Т+Zn-Al 1,02 12Х18Н10Т+Al 0,34 12Х18Н10Т+Cu 0,19
We compare the results obtained with the corrosion rate of certain corrosion-resistant stainless steel (table 5). T a b l e 5 The rate of corrosion of the most corrosion-resistant steels Steel grade Corrosion Rates, g/m 2 ·h Х23H28M3Д3Т 0,21 Х23H27M3T 0,26 Х18H12М3Т 0,80
Comparison of the results of Tables 3 and 4 with Table 5 follows the conclusion: the greater the corro- sion resistance of the coatings tested is not inferior to the most corrosion-resistant steel. Moreover, any of the surfaces of tables 3 and 4 are significantly superior corrosion resistance of steel 45, which is widely used as a structural steel in the manufacture of: pinion shafts, crankshafts and camshafts, gears, spindles, tires, cylinders, cams and other normalized, improves, and subjected to heat treatment of su- perficial parts, which are required increased strength.
Melting and solidification of the steel depends on its composition. Usually when calculating the T L and
T S to make assumptions about the additive effect of dopants on these values. Using the results of experimental determination of the surface tension of the multi-element surfaces, and results of the calculation of this value on the basis of elemental analysis can show that the average value of the surface tension is the value of the additive. In this case, the melting point of the coating can be esti- mated by the formula:
3
( ). L Т = K (4) High-temperature strength and corrosion… Серия «Физика». № 4(80)/2015 29 The corresponding estimates are shown in Tables 6 and 7. T a b l e 6 Melting point multielement coatings obtained in argon The coating Т L ,
The coating
,
12Х18Н10Т+Zr 1358 12Х18Н10Т+Zn-Al 1537 12Х18Н10Т+ Zn-Cu-Al 1530 12Х18Н10Т+Al
1602
12Х18Н10Т+Fe-Al 1809 12Х18Н10Т+Cu 2023 T a b l e 7 Melting point multielement coatings obtained in a nitrogen atmosphere The coating Т L ,
The coating
,
12Х18Н10Т+Zr 1259 12Х18Н10Т+Zn-Al 1098 12Х18Н10Т+ Zn-Cu-Al 1042 12Х18Н10Т+Al 1121 12Х18Н10Т+Fe-Al 1448 12Х18Н10Т+Cu 1445
As shown in tables 6 and 7, the melting point of the coatings obtained in argon lower than coatings ob- tained in a nitrogen atmosphere. Especially the big difference is observed for the coatings doped zirconium. Melting steels depends on their chemical composition, but is in the range (1450–1520) K. As shown in tables 6 and 7 coating 12X18H10T+Al, 12X18H10T+Fe-Al and 12X18H10T+Cu, prepared under argon, at a temperature of the melting far superior to all steel. Conclusion In this paper was not intended to produce heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings. Using multi- element coverage, we wanted to show the connection between the properties of the coating and the surface energy of the coating, as well as provide a methodology for evaluating the heat resistance and corrosion re- sistance of coated materials.
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