Халықаралық ғылыми-тәжірибелік конференция материалдары
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| R. Zhumataev
Senior Lecturer, Department of Archeology, Ethnology and Museology named after Al-Farabi, B. Besetaev Ph.D. – the 1-year doctoral candidate of the Department of Archeology, Ethnology, and Museology of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University HORSE NOMADS OF ANCIENT KAZAKHSTAN In the process of developing the Kazakh steppes and mountain- steppe regions, human played an important communicational role between different nations. Ways of promoting entire nations, ideas and goods depended on the historical situation, the level of development of society and the ethno-psychological adaptations of culture. Cultures of the taiga zone and steppes from the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age (IV – millennium BC) received different directions and development rates. The development of horse breeding by the population of the Tersek and Botai cultures is an important event in the Kazakh steppe. In the taiga zones, a gradual transformation of the appropriating type of economy (hunting and fishing) is recorded the birth of nomadism. In this era, the population became more dynamic and mobile, not only because of the mobility and specificity of the economy, but also primarily due to the internal innovations of pastoralists in the field of transport. The three great discoveries of these peoples: the invention of carts, chariots and horse harness – greatly influenced the appearance of many cultures and the ethnic situation in the steppe Eurasia. The Age of Carts (4 th and 3 rd millennium BC). With the invention of the wheel, many cultures, especially cattle breeding, became more mobile. Wheeled vehicles are forming from simple gigs with a heavy solid wheel to more complex structures of lightweight vehicles with 2 and 4 wheels. They are fairly well represented in the graves of the pit cultural and historical community of Eastern Europe. 67 Numerous rock carvings of bulls and carts from this period have been discovered in Kazakhstan, demonstrating the existence of scenes far to the east up to India and Mongolia. Whether it is the penetration of the separated population or these cultures go back to the Neolithic local strata of Altai, while definitely not resolved without additional comprehensive research. In any case, new archaeological materials in Altai do not exclude the autochthonous origin of the Caucasoid population and the Afanasiyev culture. The era of chariots (2 nd millennium BC). There is a further development of the most optimal forms of cattle breeding in snowless steppes and foothills. Progress in horse breeding, the invention of the harness and chariots of different types, dictated the creation of certain types of weapons offensive combat, and greatly increased the mobility and aggressiveness of many steppe cultures. The social stratification of society is manifested in the allocation of prestigious burials of soldiers with chariots. There is a selection of crafts and, above all, the formation of metalworking centers. Epoch of the first centaurs (1 st millennium BC). Only at the end of the Bronze Age did the steppe cultures master the horse for horse riding (apparently by the shepherds), as evidenced by the finds of bone rod psalm of various modifications and a few rock paintings. At the very beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Due to the significant progress in horse breeding and the making of bronze of more reliable bridle sets in large batches, the equestrian centaur warrior takes first place in the society of the early nomads. The appearance of many cultures is changing, the optimal forms of farming are created, convenient, easily portable dwellings and utensils, a set of equestrian weapons, etc. are created. The direction of cultural ties is the most diverse: to the north – with the taiga tribes, to the south – with the urban civilizations of Central Asia, India and China. However, cultural impulses and migrations to the west prevailed, starting from Arzhan-Mayemer and Early Scythian times. Typological analysis of the main components of the culture of nomads shows that this is a complex step-by-step process of promoting people, ideas and things. At first, they were Scythian-Saka, Savromat-Sarmatian, then Gunno-Sarmatians and nomads of the Middle Ages, whose movement largely changed the 68 ethno-cultural situation of Asia and Europe, but also created prerequisites for established trade routes between these regions. жүктеу/скачать 0,53 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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