Exercise l.
Using a dictionary determine the direct meaning of the underlined words, which are
used here in their figurative metaphorical meanings.
1. Art is a vehicle of propaganda. 2. Raise the bonnet of the car. 3. Don't fumble for
excuses. 4. He's always ready to shove the responsibility on others. 5. I'm sure he
didn't steal the thing. It had been planted 6. This event is a milestone in the history of
the country. 7. It will soil his reputation. 8. I'll swelter in this coat on such a hot day.
9. There is a snag
in your argument 10. A smile creased his face. 11. I stumbled
through the text somehow. 12. You have a fertile imagination.
Exercise 2.
Determine the meanings of the words "house", "white", "die" in the following
contexts. Say what concept is realised in these lexical meanings. Discuss the problem
"concept-meaning".
1. A house in the country. A full house. Every word was heard in all parts of
the house. White House. An ancient trading house in the city. A noisy
cheerful house. To keep house. To bring down the house. To leave one's
father's house. On the house. 2. White clouds. White hair. A white elephant.
The white race. White magic. White meat. As white as snow. White wine.
It's white of you. White lie. 3. Die of hunger. Die a violent death.
Die in
one's bed. The day is dying. Die to the world. I'm dying to know. His secret
died with him. Die in harness. Die game. Never say die.
Exercise 3.
The common term for a word's objective reference is denotation. The common
term for a word's emotional and stylistic content is connotation. Determine the
denotative and connotative meanings in the following pairs of words.
Muzzle vs
face, fat vs
plump, obstinate vs
mulish, infant vs
kid, beg vs
implore,
friend vs
crony, fragrance vs
reek,
love vs
adore, talent vs
genius, famous vs
notorious, gobble vs
eat.
Exercise 4.
Below are listed the original meanings of some simple words in Old English.
As you see these meanings are different from those the words have now. Consult
dictionaries and say what kind of semantic change was involved in the development
of these words.
Bird, N- OE brid - nestling, fledgling; camp, N. - OE camp = battle, struggle,
contest; deal, V. - OE daelan = share, distribute,
take part; deer, N. -OE deor =
animal, beast; dwell, V. - OE dwellan - lead astray, deceive, make a mistake; fair, A. -
OE fzer = beautiful, pretty, sweet; fear, N. - OE faer
-sudden attack, danger; fowl, N.
- OE fuzol = bird; lord, N. - OE leaford -master; silly, A. - OE saliz = happy, blessed,
holy.
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