b)according to the criterion of interchangeability in linguistic context (relative, total
and contextual synonyms).
3.Characteristic pattern of English synonyms.
3.The sources of synonymy.
4.Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
Exercise 1.
Study the list of the synonyms given below and classify them into the following
groups:
a)synonyms which display an obvious difference in denotational component of
meaning (ideographical); b) synonyms which differ in connotational component of
meaning (stylistic).
b) Lazy, Idle, Indolent:
The words mean "not active", "not in use or operation", "doing nothing".
Lazy - can be used without implying reproach or condemnation, e.g. lazy
afternoon,
the boy is too lazy to learn, I'm looking for a helper who is not incurably lazy.
Idle - suggests temporary inactivity or doing nothing through necessity, and hence
carries no implication of faultfinding; e.g. The machines are
idle during the noon hour
Because supplies did not arrive that day, the work crew was idle for seven hours.
Indolent - is applied to someone who not only avoids effort but likes to indulge in
relaxation. E.g.
John was a contented, indolent fisherman. Selling from door to door is
no occupation for an indolent person.
Home. House
These words identify any kind of shelter that serves as the residence of a
person, family or household.
House lacks the associated meanings attributed to
home,
a term that suggests comfort, peace, love and family ties. It may be said that what a
builder erects is a
house which, when lived in, becomes a
home. Such a statement
may be considered sentimental, echoing the lines of Edgar A. Guest ("It takes a heap
v'livin' in a house t' make it home).
Sentiment or not, one usually speaks of "buying home" and "selling a house".
But firemen put out a fire in a
house, not a
home, and reference is always made to a
house and let; not a
home and let. Conversely, one usually refers to a
home for the
aged, not a
house for the aged. Since
home and
house are so subtly different in use,
why
not sometimes resort to Residence and
Dwelling and save confusion ? (Harry
Show. Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions, 1975).
Exercise 2.
Define the stylistic colouring of the underlined words, substitute them with a
neutral synonym from the list given below.
1. Their discourse was interrupted. 2. He was dressed like a toff. 3. She passed
away. 4. The old man kicked the bucket. 5. Where is Daddy ? 6. Come on, let's put on
steam. 7. Meet my better half. 8. He must have gone off his rodder. 9. Come down to
brass tacks. 10. Jack took his departure. 11. Well, let's drift. 12. Somebody has nailed
my bag. 13. This is a case for a vet 14. He is a joiner.
A doctor, to steal, to go, to leave, to go on, please, to put out, come to the point, to go
out of one's mind, a wife, a father, to die, to talk, a gentleman, good company.
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