Ф. М. Достоевского education in great britain учебно-методическое пособие
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| Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Омский государственный университет им. Ф.М. Достоевского
EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN Учебно-методическое пособие
Изд-во Омск ОмГУ
2004
2 УДК 20 ББК 81.2 Е25
2.07.2004 г. Протокол № 3
Рецензенты: канд. филол. наук, доцент ОмА МВД России В.Г. Болотюк; преп. каф. ин. языков ОмГУ Ж.Ю. Шацкая
/ Сост.: Е.И. Бояринцева, Т.П. Руденко. – Омск: Изд-во ОмГУ, 2004. – 76 с. ISBN 5-7779-0511-0 Пособие составлено на основе аутентичных и оригинальных материалов (текстов из зарубежных пособий, журналов, реклам- ных проспектов). Текст на аудирование был записан специально для этого пособия. Состоит из 10 частей, нацеленных на развитие навыков всех видов речевой деятельности и их отработку в системе разнообраз- ных упражнений по заявленной теме. Разработано с учетом прин- ципа коммуникативной направленности и соответствует совре- менным требованиям, предъявляемым к преподаванию иностран- ного языка в вузе. Предназначено для студентов факультета иностранных языков и студентов старших курсов неязыковых специальностей.
ББК 81.2
за оказанную помощь и ценные рекомендации при подготовке пособия
ISBN 5-7779-0511-0 © Омский госуниверситет, 2004 3
Предлагаемое учебно-методическое пособие составлено в соответствии с Государственным стандартом высшего профессио- нального образования и предназначено для студентов факультета иностранных языков и студентов старших курсов неязыковых специальностей. Цель пособия – развитие и совершенствование навыков уст- ной речи на английском языке. При составлении пособия авторы ориентировались на конечную цель обучения студентов и исходи- ли из концепции взаимосвязанного обучения основным видам иноязычной речевой деятельности: навыкам чтения, аудирования, перевода, интерпретации неадаптированного англоязычного тек- ста. Учебно-методическое пособие состоит из десяти разделов, тексты которых многофункциональны. Формирование навыков и умений диалогической и монологической речи осуществляется на материале аутентичных текстов по проблемам образования в Ве- ликобритании с последующей развернутой системой как лексиче- ских упражнений, так и упражнений, нацеленных на дальнейшее развитие навыков использования структур и рассчитанных на расширение знаний и навыков в новом лексическом окружении и в новых коммуникативных ситуациях. Речевые упражнения предусматривают стимулирование на- выков не только говорения, но и письменной речи, а также спо- собствуют синтезу всего пройденного лексико-грамматического материала. Тексты значительны по объему, что вызвано как мето- дологической направленностью содержащегося в пособии мате- риала, так и стремлением дать более полное представление об английской системе высшего и "последующего" образования. Последний раздел пособия предоставляет возможность сту- дентам проверить знания, полученные в процессе работы над те- мой, выполнив разнообразные лексические упражнения.
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Quiz "Education in Great Britain" How much do you know about British education? Answer the ques- tions. Then check your answers with a partner. 1.
In Britain you have to attend school between: a)
5 and 16 b)
5 and 18 c)
7 and 16
2. A comprehensive school is.... a)
b)
a school for 5–11 year olds c)
a school for 11–16 year olds 3.
"Public" schools like Eton are very expensive – it costs more than £15,000 a year to be educated at Eton, for example. What propor- tion of British children attend "public" schools? a)
7 % b)
10 % c)
15 %
4. In 1989 a new National Curriculum was introduced into Brit- ish schools. Ten subjects had to be studied. Three of these subjects called "core subjects" were chosen for special attention. Here are the ten subjects to be studied. Which do you think are the "core subjects"? a)
English
f) Mathematics b)
History g) A Foreign Language c)
h) Design and Technology d)
Art Physical i) Education e)
j) Music
5 5. 16-year-olds in Britain have to take the General Certificate of Secondary Education examinations. Girls have significantly better re- sults than boys in three of the following GCSE subjects. Which three? a) Mathematics d) History b) English e) French c) Biology f) Chemistry
6.
The average pupil-teacher ratio in British schools is....... a) 19
c) 25 b) 22
d) 30
6 R E A D I N G READING FOR DETAILED COMPREHENSION Text A. Learn the vocabulary paying attention to explanatory notes, then read the text. While reading focus on the boldfaced words / collocations which you will need to do the following tasks
чернее, иногда с освобождением от работы. Платное. Основная цель – повышение квалификации. Возраст не ограничен.
ледже), где занятия чередуются с работой на производстве block release courses – занятия с отрывом от производства на определенный срок an honours degree – диплом с отличием Bachelor's degree – диплом об окончании вуза в России Bachelor of Arts / B.A. (BA) – бакалавр искусств (по одной из гуманитарных или математических наук в университете). Ста- вится после фамилии.
степени (first degree) в университетах. В Оксфорде – котируется выше (higher degree).
второй ученой степени (higher degree). Выпускникам Оксбриджа присваивается без экзамена на основании определенных сроков практической работы после окончания; от других требуется напи- сание работы на основе проведенных исследований. Наблюдается тенденция присвоения после года практической работы. Master of Science / M.S(c). (MSc) – магистр естественных наук
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(относится и к др. наукам). Присуждается за научную работу, час- тично содержащую материал, разработанный автором. Doctor of Philosophy / Ph.D. (PhD) – доктор философии. Требуется написание самостоятельной работы на основе трехлет- них (или более) исследований.
питательную работу с определенной группой студентов
Education in Great Britain and Wales is regulated by the 1944 Education Act, the Department of Education and Skills being the cen- tral authority established by law. Scotland and Northern Ireland have educational systems of their own basically similar to that of England and Wales, but differing considerably in detail. Education in the coun- try has been undergoing a series of major reforms since 1988, in- cluding the introduction of various forms of school curriculum; the testing and assessment of pupils’ progress and the provision of more information about school performance to parents. Education is the top priority of the Government. Policy is focused on raising standards in schools, ensuring learning targets are achieved, tackling social ex- clusion, broadening access to further and higher education and en-
The system of public education in England and Wales is organ- ized in three stages of Primary, Secondary and Further Education. The first 2 are compulsory for all children. Further education is volun- tary. So children study at school from 5 to 16–18 years old. Then they can go to work, to further education or to university. All children and young people between the ages of 5 and 16 in England, Scotland and Wales, and 4 and 16 in Northern Ireland, must, by law, receive full-time education. Over 9.9 million children attend 33,685 state and private schools in Britain. About 93 % receive free education financed from public funds, the rest attend fee-paying in- dependent schools. Boys and girls are taught together in most schools. In England and Wales non-selective comprehensive education caters
Nearly all pupils in Scotland attend non-selective schools. Secondary schools are largely selective in Northern Ireland, where a small number
8 of integrated schools have been established at primary and secondary levels with the aim of providing education for Roman Catholic and Protestant children studying together. Most state school education in England, Scotland and Wales is provided by local government. In England and Wales a new structure of foundation, community and voluntary schools is being set up. The community category includes schools formerly owned by Local Educa- tion Authorities, while the foundation category includes many grant- maintained schools, which were outside local authority control. The voluntary category will include schools with a particular religious ethos. Parents have a statutory right to express a preference for a school. National tables are published on the performance of all schools throughout Britain. All state schools have to give parents a written annual report on their child’s achievements. Parents are represented on school governing bodies, which appoint staff and manage school budgets. Each school is regularly inspected by independent inspectors, working to agreed national standards. Broadly based national curricula ensure that pupils study a bal- anced range of subjects. The National Curriculum in England and Wales consists of statutory subjects for 5- to 16-year-olds. Similar arrangements exist in Northern Ireland; in Scotland, content and man- agement of the curriculum are not prescribed by statute. All state schools must provide religious education and all state secondary schools are required to provide sex education, although parents have the right to withdraw their children from these classes. All English primary schools are required to have a literacy and numeracy study hour each day. The main school examination, the General Certificate of Secon- dary Education (GCSE), is taken in England, Wales and Northern Ire- land at around age 16. A broadly similar exam system exists in Scot- land. All qualifications offered to pupils in state schools in England and Wales must be approved by the Government. Associated sylla- buses and assessment must comply with national guidelines. One of the government objectives is to help young people de-
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ships and aims to bring closer links between schools and industry so that young people develop skills to help them succeed in the labour market. All young people in full-time education are entitled to ca- reers information and guidance. In England and Wales pupils can take up work experience placements at any time in their last two years of compulsory schooling. In Scotland the Education for Work pro- gramme also develops business-education links. Students who choose to continue their studies after 16 – about two-thirds – work for academic (i.e. study for examinations which lead to higher education) or vocational qualifications which are the main standard for entry to higher education or professional training. These include the General National Vocational Qualification (GNVQ), mainly taken between the ages of 16 and 18, which is designed to pro- vide a broad-based preparation for a range of occupations and higher education; the academic General Certificate of Education Advanced (A) level examination taken at the age of 18 or 19, and the Advanced Supplementary (AS) examination.
About 2.5 million students are enrolled in further education, much of which is work-related. Further education is for persons over compulsory school age, and consists of full-time and part-time educa- tion. It comprises all forms of public education except secondary (be- tween ages of 11 and 15), i.e. grammar, modern and comprehensive schools as well as independent / private schools, university education and teacher training. The main sub-divisions of vocational education are technical, commercial, art, agricultural and horticultural. Aca- demic work and professional training differ from college to college. Some colleges provide "sandwich" courses or short full-time block
months in college and 6 months in industry / office; alternatives are 4/8 and 6/10. Many students between 15 and 18 attend mainly part-time courses, either by day release or block release from employment, or evening courses. Part-time training also includes correspondence
10 Courses are run by some 500 institutions of further education, many of which also offer higher education courses. A wide range of national vocational qualifications, designed mainly for people in work, are based on national standards that define the competence, knowledge and understanding that employers need.
Higher education, consisting of degree and equivalent courses, has experienced a dramatic expansion. Today one in three young peo- ple enters higher education compared with one in six in 1989. Higher education is provided at universities, "the new universities" (former polytechnics which became known as "new universities" in the early nineties) and other establishments of higher and further education. There are some 170 universities and higher education institu- tions, which enjoy academic freedom. First degree courses are mainly full time and usually last three years (four in Scotland), with longer courses in subjects such as medicine. Universities offer courses in a wide range of subjects. The oldest and best known universities are in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Liverpool, Durham, Edinburgh, Bris- tol, Cardiff, Birmingham. A university consists of a number of facul- ties: divinity / theology, economics, engineering, agriculture, com- merce and education. After three years of study, a student may proceed
The Bachelor’s Degree (Bachelor of Commerce, Science or Music) is given to students who pass exams at the end of three to four years of study. Bachelors’ degrees are at two levels, Honours and Pass. In some cases the Honours Degree is awarded for intensive study and examination in one, two or perhaps three related subjects, while the Pass (or General) degree may be somewhat broader. In some cases the Honours degree is given to the students who are more successful in their examination.
degree of Doctor of Philosophy is awarded for a thesis which is an original contribution to knowledge. The British universities have their own way of life and traditions which are carefully preserved. For example, sometimes you can see
11 students at Oxbridge wearing a cap and gown – it’s a custom from the time when students were clergymen. Academic life in universities is exciting and very busy. Students attend lectures given by professors and lecturers, have seminars and work on their own in universities’ libraries and laboratories. Higher education is largely financed by public funds although students who have begun their studies since September 1998 are ex- pected to make a contribution of up to £1,000 towards their tuition fees. This contribution is means-tested, so that tuition is free for stu- dents from lower income families. The maintenance grant has been replaced by a maintenance loan. The loan is partly means-tested, so that only students from lower income families are entitled to the full loan.
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1. For you to have an idea what the National Curriculum in Britain looks like, here is a part of a brochure prepared to inform parents about it How it works The National Curriculum subjects are: mathematics, science, English, technology, history, geography, a modern foreign lan- guage, art, music and physical education. Religious education is also compulsory. All pupils will study all subjects. Key stages Your child's progression through educa- tion will have four key stages and as- sessment will take place at the end of each.
Generally, each subject has ten levels and your child will progress through one level at a time. The top level is 10 – but not all pupils will reach this level.
It is unlikely that your child will attain the same level in all areas of study and the Na- tional Curriculum has been devised so that pupils can forge ahead in their strong areas of study and get help with their weaker ones. Here is an example from the programme of study in English.
• achieve a readable, pleasing writing style • write effectively about demanding topics • learn to speak persua- sively and clearly, and to use language appro- priate to the situation, topic or purpose • read a wide variety of fiction, poetry and drama, including some pre-20th century works • interpret, evaluate and compare texts 13
may need to change the form of the words where necessary 1.
As a result of education _____________ since 1988, various forms of school curriculum and ____________ of pupils’ progress have been ___________. 2.
The government declares that its ____________ is education including ________ standards in schools and ___________ of the teaching profession. 3.
Primary and secondary education are __________ while fur- ther education is ________. 4.
receive ________ financed from public funds. 5.
In England and Wales they have _____________ schools, i.e. non-selective comprehensive schools which cater for children of all abilities. 6.
Of late in Northern Ireland they _________ a small number of _________ at primary and secondary levels. 7.
cludes ________ schools, while the voluntary category will include schools with a ___________. 8.
as well as to be represented___________, which __________. 9.
Pupils studying __________ is ensured by broadly based na- tional curricula which in England and Wales consists of ___________. 10.
dren from religious and sex education classes. 11.
The government assumes that young people must ________ skills through _______ links which will help pupils to see _________. 12.
In England and Wales pupils can __________ at any time in their last two years __________. 13.
To be prepared for ___________ higher education or profes- sional training students __________ (i.e. study for examinations which lead to higher education) or ________. 14.
which is mainly _________, and consists of _________ and _________ education.
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Higher education, consisting of __________ courses__________ at universities and on _________ at polytechnics and other establishments of higher and further education. 16.
lor's degree and later to the degree of Master which is __________ based on at least one year's full-time work and that of Doctor of Phi- losophy which _________ for a thesis which must be _____________.
1.
2.
What are recent reforms focused on? 3.
What is the Government policy aimed at? 4.
What stages does the system of public education in England and Wales include? 5.
Which of them are compulsory and which are voluntary? 6.
What age groups does compulsory schooling embrace? 7.
Do the majority of British students receive free or fee-paying education? 8.
9.
What new categories of schools are being set up in Great Britain? 10.
Define further education. Which education is included into further education and which is not? 11.
What do you think about the rights that British parents (whose children study at state schools) have? 12.
What role does the National Curriculum play? 13.
nerships? 14.
What can pupils in England and Wales take up in their last two years of compulsory schooling? 15.
Give a definition to vocational education. 16.
17.
What kind of education is most popular among students be- tween 15 and 18 years old? 18.
Where can one get higher education in the UK? 19.
ties located? 20.
What faculties (departments) does a typical British university consist of?
15 21. When and for what is Bachelor’s degree given? 22.
between these. 23.
Who can earn Doctor’s degree? 24.
25.
Are all students expected to make a contribution towards their tuition fees? 26.
What does "means-tested contribution" mean?
16 6. Study the four statements about school leavers in the 1990s. Then look at the graph. The Title of Column 4 is: NO PLANS. Match each of the columns 1, 2 and 3 with one of these titles: жүктеу/скачать 0,78 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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