Part 3
Electronic Media
Television
The history of the BBC: the first TV era
The British Broadcasting Company started daily transmissions on November
14th 1922, by which time more than one million ten-shilling (50p) licences had
been issued. In 1927 the company was restructured as a public corporation― the
BBC that we know today― by its founding father, John (later Lord) Reith, but by
this time an even newer technology was being developed ―television.
In 1923 the Scotsman John Logie Baird began developing a system by
which television would be made possible. Baird wasn't the only one developing
this new system at that time; indeed, Earl Ferdinand Braun had invented the first
commercial cathode ray tube as early as 1897. But it was Baird who developed the
12
disc-scanning equipment that made television possible. In 1926 Baird enlisted the
aid of Selfridges in London to put on public demonstrations of his equipment.
In May of 1934 the British government appointed a committee, under the
guidance of Lord Selsdon, to begin enquiries into the viability of setting up a
public television service, with recommendations as to the conditions under which
such a service could be offered. The results of the Selsdon’s Report were issued as
a single Government White Paper in January of the following year. The BBC was
to be entrusted with the development of television, which had to transmit a
definition of not less than 240 lines with a minimum of 25 pictures per second.
The committee proposed that the two new high definition systems (Baird's
240 line and Marconi-EMI's 405 line) would be chosen to alternate transmissions
by the BBC over a set period, until it was decided which was the better. Looking
for a suitable site for the new service, the BBC chose Alexandra Palace in
Haringey, Greater London. Its position, high on a hill, made it the ideal place to
place a transmitter that would cover all of London and many of its surrounding
counties.
Sanctioned with the monumental task of bringing high-definition
broadcasting to the British public as a regular service was Director of Radio
Outside Broadcasting, Gerald Cox, now appointed the BBC's Director of
Television. Cox's first task was to assemble a team of experts and then summon
them to a meeting where a plan of strategy could be worked out. In front of camera
was to be experienced Movietone News commentator, Leslie Mitchell, and female
announcers Jasmine Bligh and Elizabeth Cowell were chosen from thousands of
hopefuls who had applied for the job. According to popular legend Cox assembled
his staff and told them that since none of them knew a thing about television
broadcasting, he was going to give them ample time to find out. They were given
four months to study the new medium and do all the experimenting they needed in
order to get it "right on the night".
• "Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. It is with great pleasure that I
introduce you to the magic of television..." - with those words Leslie Mitchell
introduced Britain's first high-definition public television programme from
Radiolympia. The date was 26th August 1936.
On November 2nd 1936 the world's first regular high definition service
began transmitting to the 100 or so TV sets available in Britain.
The BBC began transmitting from Alexandra Palace for two hours every
day (except Sunday's). A copy of the Radio Times dated October 30th reveals the
opening day line-up. According to the publication, on this particular week the
Baird System was being used.
The range of the service offered by the BBC covered a radius of
approximately 40 miles from Muswell Hill, although that was by no means a rigid
limit. Some people reported picking up pictures from beyond that range although it
seemed to depend on a mixture of freak conditions and which transmission system
was being used at the time.
13
On May 12th 1937 cameras were sent to cover the Coronation of King
George V1. Following this, viewers got their first chance to witness a major
sporting event when the Wimbledon Tennis Championships were first broadcast on
June 21st, 1937, with a match between Bunny Austin and George Rogers. By 1939
programmes were being broadcast seven days a week.
Then on 1st September 1939 the screens went blank. Viewers waited for an
announcement but none came. Britain and the BBC were about to go to war, and
the first television era had come to an end.
*From:
http://www.teletronic.co.uk/tvera.htm
Answer the following questions.
1.
When was the BBC organized?
2.
What kind of events did it transmit?
3.
What were the two new high definition systems?
4.
Do you know how it’s functioning now?
TV reality shows are third-rate entertainment and not worth watching.
What do you think?
There is nothing new about reality TV. Confessional shows, where ordinary
people make their private life public, have been around for a long time. However,
over the last five years TV reality shows such as Big Brother and Survivor have
become more popular. Obviously some of these programs have been the most
successful shows in television history. Is it unfair to say they are third-rate
entertainment?
In order to evaluate reality TV, we need to define exactly what a TV reality
show is. Reality shows have several things in common with soap operas. Actually,
they both involve a group of people who have to live together and get on with each
other whilst solving various problems. The difference is that reality shows aren’t
scripted, so the dialogues are often quite tedious. In addition, problems contestants
deal with are artificial and don’t arise naturally from a “story”. Apparently, in this
sense they could be seen as third-rate entertainment.
Why then do people watch them? Presumably, what holds the audience’s
attention is the “reality” or spontaneity of the shows. You never know what is
going to happen next, and we are fascinated by people who will stop at nothing in
their pursuit of fame. We are also fascinated by how the contestants cope in
different situations, and to some extent measure their reactions against our own.
To conclude, it’s probably true to say that reality shows are third-rate
entertainment when compared with classical films or award-winning
14
documentaries. However, as audience figures prove, they are strangely compelling
because we are able to empathize with ordinary people in extraordinary situations.
This ultimately is what makes TV reality shows worth watching.
Answer the following questions.
1.
What is meant by TV reality shows?
2.
Why do people like watching them?
3.
What’s your personal attitude towards such shows? How often do you prefer
to watch them?
4.
What pros and cons can you name?
TV or not TV?
Television has become an everyday part of our lives. It’s omnipresent, always on…
But is this a good thing or a bad one? Don’t we spend too much of our precious
time in front of the “box”? Haven’t we become lazier because of it? Is TV
dangerous? Here’s what different people say about television. Who do you agree
with?
1.
Some people say that television is
dangerous. I don’t think so. After
all, it keeps you informed about
what’s happening in the world.
You can also see films and plays,
and be entertained…or you can
watch documentaries and learn
something new.
2.
In spite of all its defects,
television can teach us a lot of
things. The trick is to learn to
control it and use it intelligently.
The ideal is to turn on the TV
only when there is a program
which is really amusing and
interesting.
3.
A lot of rubbish has been written
about television. I think it’s a
wonderful invention. It’s a cheap
form of entertainment, which
gives pleasure to millions of
people, especially those who live
alone. It’s also a wonderful way
of escaping from our dull reality.
1.
Television is a terrible waste of
time. I know a lot of people who
just sit down in front of the “box”
and watch whatever’s on. They
spend hours watching silly soap
operas and second-rate American
films when perhaps they ought to
be doing something else.
2.
In my opinion, television makes
us lazier. We stay at home instead
of going out. We read less. We
think less. We even talk less. It
cuts us off from reality. But isn’t
real life better than this passive
enjoyment?
3.
There’s too much violence on TV.
We begin to believe that the
world is an unfriendly place,
filled with cruel people and risky
circumstances.
The
violent,
crime-filled world shown on TV
may turn people into criminals.
4.
Television is like a drug: we get
addicted to certain TV series and
15
4.
TV’s just part of life really. It
involves us in strong emotions:
love, hate, passion. Even the
silliest of “soaps” help me to
solve my own problems by
showing me what might happen if
I do certain things. Sometimes
they show me what not to do.
simply can’t switch it off. Most
programs are filled with silly
commercials. What I hate most
about TV is that it often uses
strong language. It has a terrible
influence on children and young
people.
*From: “Speak out” (magazine)
Answer the following questions.
1.
How many hours do you spend in front of the TV?
2.
Do you believe that violence on TV may turn people into criminals?
3.
In what way does TV influence our language?
4.
Some people say that television kills conversation. Do you agree?
5.
Do you know how to protect yourself from the bad influences of television?
Word list
artificial
искусственный
to assemble
собирать
to cope with
справляться с
to define
давать определение
to be fascinated by
быть очарованным чем-то
to involve
подразумевать, быть связанным
to prove
доказывать
ultimately
в конце концов
to escape from
убегать от чего-то
to compare with
сравнивать с чем-то
successful
успешный
to have influence on
оказывать влияние на что либо
Part 4
New Age Media
How is the Internet changing lives forever?
These days with inexpensive air travel, mobile phones, email and the
Internet, teenagers see the world as a smaller place than it appeared to their
grandparents. Of these innovations, the Internet appears to be the one with the
most potential for global influence, and which will change lives the most.
For example, up until recently friendships developed over a lifetime but that
has now changed. People often made friends locally at school and continued those
friendships into adulthood, but many young people today find the majority of their
16
friendships over the Internet. This is not restricted to teenagers. Paula Sen, who has
just turned 30, says: “I’ve met most of my best friends over the Internet, through
common interest forums. I couldn’t live without the Internet. It’s my lifeline.”
The Internet has also greatly influenced how people buy and sell goods.
International Internet shopping is now common, with people buying all sorts of
goods, from sites such as amazon, the most successful online retail site. The
international auction site eBay allows millions of participants to buy from and sell
to strangers, setting their own prices. But beware – there are so many unscrupulous
salespeople online as on the high street.
One of the Internet’s greatest success stories is Wikipedia, the free online
encyclopedia, which is compiled and updated by its users. It carries far more
content than any other encyclopedia and it is a great starting point for research, but
remember to double-check important facts as it does contain errors. If you don’t
have time to check your facts, consider purchasing a reliable online encyclopedia
such as the Encyclopedia Britannica. The other major information resource on the
Internet is Google, a search engine which finds and ranks web pages according to
the number of links made to them.
Probably the biggest impact that the Internet has had is the way in which it
has influenced social networking. The most frequently “googled” word in the
world recently was Bebo - the social networking site- followed by MySpace.
People can meet new friends through sites like these, the can renew old
acquaintances through different sites and they can also play games with each other
in virtual worlds. This Internet-based, three-dimensional virtual world is
“inhabited” by more than 6.6 million residents from around the world, and global
companies even have outlets there.
It’s now much easier to share experiences with others too. Sites such as
YouTube allow people to upload and share videos, with unlikely clips becoming
huge hits and a number of figures becoming Internet phenomena.
Much of the power of the Internet lies in the fact that people are developing
new ways to be creative and innovative, combining ideas and skills without an
organization or hierarchy. No one is in overall control. Collective creativity and
collaboration are the key ideas. But even more powerful than this is its power to
solve crimes, help change the world through giving to charities on sites like
justgiving.com or find missing individuals.
*From: “Language Leader” (upper-intermediate)
Answer the following questions.
1.
What positive characteristics of the Internet can you name?
2.
How has the Internet changed our minds?
3.
What kind of search engine is the most popular?
17
4.
Does the Internet have negative sides? Could you think about them? Try to
make the list of advantages and disadvantages.
Work with a partner to discuss the following.
1.
Do people indulge in fantasy virtual life because of the disappointments of
their real lives?
2.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of:
a)
Buying and selling over the Internet?
b)
Social networking with people you have never met face-to-face?
3.
Should teenagers’ use of the Internet be limited?
Email - a good thing or a bad thing?
In recent years email has become an increasingly important means of
communication. However, like most things it has both advantages and
disadvantages.
On the plus side:
•First of all, email is easy. All you need
is the appropriate software on your
computer. There are no stamps to stick
and no trips in the freezing cold to
postboxes.
•The second point is that email is fast.
No matter where you’re sending your
message, whether it’s to the next street
or to the other side of the planet it takes
only seconds to reach its destination.
Nowadays, whenever I send regular
mail (or snail mail as email users call it),
I can’t believe that it’s actually going to
take days to reach its destination. How
primitive!
•Email is not only fast, it is also cheap.
Unlike long distance telephone calls,
you pay no more for messages.
•Also, email messages are easily stored.
Because they’re electronic, saving an
email message you’ve received (and
calling it back up again later) is a
breeze.
•In addition to this, email is
environmentally friendly because of
being electronic. It saves natural
On the minus side:
•Firstly, email is impersonal. You can’t
see a person, face to face; it’s difficult to
get across subtle meanings in email
prose with no visual or voice clues.
•Secondly, it can be argued that email is
in fact too easy. You can write a
message in a few seconds and send it off
with one click. And once sent, you can’t
get back a message that may have been
written in a fit of irritation or anger.
•Another point is that email security is
lax. As your email message makes its
way to its destination, it has to pass
through other, public, systems. Anyone
with the right technical know-how can
intercept it without your knowing.
•although, as stated above, it’s an
advantage that email messages are
easily stored, this can also be a
disadvantage. If you say nasty things
about your boss in a message, a saved
copy can come back to haunt you in the
future.
•A final and very important point is that
email can take over your life. Because it
is so easy to start getting more and more
18
resources such as paper.
•Last but not least, email is practically
universal. More and more people use it
every day.
correspondence, and you end up
spending most of your day reading and
responding to floods of messages.
Overall, however, the pros of email outweigh the cons. Email has
transformed the world of communication in largely beneficial ways, and alongside
text messaging, is now a major way of keeping in touch.
*From: “New Headway” (upper-intermediate)
Apple Macintosh
Are you a Mac user? For many, home computers have become synonymous
with Windows and Bill Gates, but there has always been a loyal band of Apple
Macintosh users, whose devotion to the Apple brand and its co-founder Steven
Jobs is almost religious.
Steven Jobs and Steven Wozniak dropped out of college and got jobs in
Silicon Valley, where they founded the Apple Computer company in 1976, the
name based on Job’s favourite fruit. They designed the Apple computer in Job’s
bedroom, having raised the capital by selling their most valued possessions – an
old Volkswagen bus and a scientific calculator. The later model, the Apple
Macintosh, introduced the public to point and click graphics. It was the first home
computer to be truly user-friendly, or as the first advertising campaign put it, “the
computer for the rest of us”.
When IBM released its first PC in 1981, Jobs realized that Apple would
have to become a more grown-up company in order to complete effectively. He
brought in John Sculley, the president of Pepsi-Cola, to do the job, asking him:
“Do you want to just sell sugared water for the rest of your life, or do you want to
change the world?” Sculley and Jobs began to argue bitterly, however, and after a
power struggle, Jobs was reluctantly forced to resign.
By 1996 Apple was in trouble, due to the dominance of Windows software
and the increasing number of PC clones which could use it. Jobs, having had great
success with his animation studio Pixar, was brought back to the ailing firm for an
annual salary of $1, and the company gradually returned to profitability.
Apple’s computers cost more than most PCs, and have a more limited range
of software available for them, but their great appeal has been the attention to
design, making Apple the cool computer company. The launch of the stunning
multi-coloured iMac in 1997, followed by the sleek new iMac in 2002, marked the
end of the computer as an ugly, utilitarian machine, and brought the home
computer out of the study and into the lounge. As Steve Jobs put it, “Other
companies don’t’ care about design. We think it’s vitally important.”
19
Apple’s fortunes were transformed again with the development of the iPod
in 2003, which soon became a must-have gadget and brought about a boom in
Internet music sales. And of course, it was beautifully stylish.
*From: “New Headway” (upper-intermediate)
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |