Характеризовалась чувством одиночества

Translating Finite Verb Forms (Tense and Aspect Forms)

Plan: 1. Translating tense and aspect forms 2.1 Simple Tenses 2.2 Continuous Tenses 2.3 Perfect Tenses 2.4 Perfect ContinuousTenses 2.5 Main traps.

• 2.1 Simple Tenses

• a) regular, permanent actions=Russian imperfective aspect
• Water boils at 100º Centigrade.
• b) action as a single fact=Russian perfective form
• When I heard the news, I walked faster and faster.
• Single action can be expressed by:
• A verb-noun predicate
• She gave a cry.
• -A phrasal verb
• She cried something out.
• Parallel (homogeneous) predicates
• He cried something unintelligible and rushed past.

• 2.2 Continuous Tenses
• temporary continuous action = Russian imperfective form
• He first became interested in drama when he was working abroad.
• Permanent actions expressed in emotional speech=Russian imperfective form
• You are always coming late!
• Future action (esp. a “matter-of-fact” future) = Russian perfective form
• Spring is coming! Birds will be flying soon.

• 2.3 Perfect Forms
• completed action = Russian perfective verbs
• I haven’t finished yet.
• By the time we got there the rain had stopped.
• b) Multiple action that took place in the past and can happen in the future = Russian imperfective form
• I’ve met Ann’s husband.
• I have eaten at that restaurant many times.
• Use the technique of compensation and extension!
• Russian literature has possessed the feeling of the sole. – Русская литература всегда характеризовалась чувством одиночества.

2.4 Perfect Continuous Tenses action begun before another action and continued into it = Russian imperfective forms He has been studying Japanese for three years.

• 2.5 Main traps
• Tense asymmetry
• Russian future = English present in adverbial clauses
• Если он придет, я дам вам знать. – If he comes, I’ll let you know.
• b) English present for the near future = in Russian the present alternates with the future
• We are going downtown in some minutes. – Мы пойдем/идем в город через несколько минут.
• с) English Present Perf/ PPC = Russian past tense
• Who has eaten my soup? – Кто съел мой суп?

• 2) Connotation!
• In emotional speech The English Cont. and Simple tenses seem to exchange their aspect characteristics: Cont = exaggerated permanent action
• She is always complaining! – Вечно она жалуется!
• Simple = action taking place at the moment of speech with emphasis on the circumstances
• Why don’t you write? - Ну, почему ты не пишешь?
• Way out – LEXICAL COMPENSATION

3) Sequence of Tenses

• When translating from Russian into English don’t do it “tense-for-tense”!!!
• Mind the SEQUENSE OF TENSES
• I knew he was in the village. – Я знал, что он в деревне. (not он был в деревне)
• Я знал, что он был в деревне. – I knew he had been in the village.

• Practice
• A. 1) Who has been eating my soup?
• 2) I have lived here for two years.
• 3) He had been a captain.
• 4) The train arrives in 5 minutes.
• 5) I sobbed a little still, but that was because I had been crying , not because I was crying then.
• B. 1) «Почему ты не знаешь правила?» – «Я учил.» - «Учил, да не выучил.»
• 2) Он постоянно одалживает деньги!
• 3) Он сказал, что скоро начнет изучать французский язык.

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