Абай атындағы ҚазҰПУ-нің ХАБАРШЫСЫ, «Тарих және саяси-әлеуметтік ғылымдар» сериясы, №3(58), 2018 ж.
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1. Russia was busy building the state and starting to set new targets. In addition, this period was generally a
"romantic" period in Moscow and the West, especially in US relations.. China had just begun its major economic
transformation, and in 1989, as Tiananmen Square events showed, it faced great political challenges. After this,
Beijing re-determined its objectives, taking into account the new issues, and accelerated the process of economic
modernization. It is easy to say that Chinese authorities have neglected Central Asia because they are focused on
establishing relations with the West and industrialized neighboring countries in East Asia.
3. In the early 1990s, the US and the West were open giants of the Cold War. This caused a delay in the
voltage of the system structured against the USSR. Moreover, it focused on the integration of Western welfare
into the system of development and common values of the former socialist states in Eastern Europe. Accordingly,
the West (especially the US) hardly paid any attention to Afghanistan. This situation has led to the collapse of the
institutions there.
In general, we can say that Central Asia was abandoned to its own while all three major powers were busy
with their own problems. But the victory of the West was a bit of an impact, especially in the preservation of the
status quo. [5]
In the mid-1990s, the "romantic" period of relations between the new Russia and the United States came to an
end. Rapidly escaping from the depressed process of living after the Cold War, Moscow has turned back pro-
Western politics into a 'Eurasian' ideology. With the resultant economic power of the energy policy and the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and other regional alliances that it has developed with China, RF
wants to be a global power again. He declared in 1993 that he would re-establish his sovereignty on the territory
of the former USSR with the 'Near Abroad' policy declared that he would use weapons if necessary to protect his
rights and interests. In addition, the revised foreign policy, the national security strategy and the military strategy
documents, has counted the expansion of the NATO eastward with the US's global and unilateral superiority as a
threat for itself. Thus, a new period of geopolitical competition between the two began. This, in turn, affects other
states in the region. One of the demonstrations of this competition is the fight for South Asia to the corridor from
Afghanistan to Central Asia.
Russia's interests were predominantly dominant in Central Asia. This was important in terms of border security
between the Russian Federation and other countries in the region. To achieve this goal, Moscow tried to limit the
presence of third parties, particularly the US, in the region. The main objective is to prevent Russia from being
strategically surrounded by non-friendly states. Moscow suspected that the US and the West intended to establish
a security cord similar to what the United Kingdom and France did in Eastern Europe in the aftermath of the
Russian Revolution of 1917 and the First World War. At that time, the aim of the security cord was to prevent the
re-establishment of both German and Russian (Soviet) empires. In this context, it was devised that Russia
responded with the aim of preventing the emergence of non-friendly countries on its borders. One of the methods
was the protection of the status quo in Central Asia, which is a geographically isolated area and already has all of
the main transport corridors crossing Russian territory. In this direction, from the mid-1990s, Russia's tactics were
focused on preventing the US from opening new corridors in Central Asia [6].
The interests of the US were to open the Central Asian region, to create new corridors of transportation, and to
reduce the dependence of the countries in the region on Russia. For the United States, it was important that these
states should not become part of the Russian political scene again. That is why the West, especially the USA,
actively supported the new transportation routes that will travel from the Caucasus and Afghanistan in the last 20
years. It has been argued that the United States was completely dominant in the region after the tragic events of
September 11, 2001. However, another thing that is clear is that in the 1990s, there is also a general outline of
Washington's strategy of building transportation lines - designed to neutralize Russia, China and Iran. In 2001, a
new wave emerged due to the US sovereignty in Afghanistan and the region, but the strategy actually did not
change. China's attitude is also remarkable. In the mid-1990s, Beijing began to play an important role in the
competitive power of Central Asian transportation corridors. In the mid-2000s, with the construction of the Atasu-
Alashankou Central Asia-China gas pipeline and the creation of a new railway network joining Kazakhstan,
China actually created the fastest-growing transportation corridor in the Central Asian region. This corridor has a
great potential. These conditions add a new meaning to geopolitical competition surrounding transportation
corridors. Like Russia, China was trying to limit the presence of third parties (especially the United States) in
Central Asia. The main reason for this was concerns about the safety of the Xinjiang area. At the same time,
China had its own agenda for relations with the United States, and gradually began to enter the competition with
Russia to become effective in Central Asia [6].
“It is remarkable that China, as an independent actor in the Central Asian region, has added a new dimension
to the geopolitical struggle in the region. The economic interests of the country and the associated Silk Road
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