DIE BESONDERHEITEN DER WIEDERGABE VON
METAPHERN AUS RUSSISCHEM INS
DEUTSCHE UND ENGLISCHE
anarbah@mail.ru
Аңдатпа.
Бұл мұқалада әйгілі орыс жазушысы Антон Павлович Чеховтың «Тссс...!»
әңгімесінде кездесетін метафоралардың когнитивтік модельдерінің орыс тілінен
неміс және ағылшын тілдеріне аудару жолдары қарастырылған. Орыс
метафорлық конструкцияларын неміс және ағылшын тілдеріне аударудың
ерекшеліктері лингвистикалық және мәдениетаралық аспектілерде талданған.
Тірек сөздер: метафора, концепт, когнитивтік модель, түпдерек саласы,
мақсат саласы, талдау, прагматикалық мағына, аударма баламасы.
Аннотация. Данная статья посвящена рассмотрению способов передачи
когнитивных моделей метафор в русском, немецком и английском языках на
материале перевода рассказа знаменитого русского писателя Антона Павловича
Чехова «Тсс!..». Автором анализируется специфика передачи русских
метафорических конструкций на немецкий и английский языки в
лингвистическом и культурологическом аспектах.
Ключевые слова: метафора, концепт, когнитивная модель, область-
источник,
область-цель,
интерпретация,
прагматическое
значение,
переводческий эквивалент.
Annotation. The given article is devoted to considering the ways of rendering
cognitive metaphor models from Russian into German and English on the example of
the translation of the short story “Hush!..” written by a famous Russian novelist Anton
Pavlovich Chekhov. The author analyses specific features of translating Russian
metaphorical structures into the German and English languages in linguistic and
cultural aspects.
Key words: metaphor, concept, cognitive model, source domain, target domain,
interpretation, pragmatic meaning, translation equivalent.
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Obwohl es mehrere wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen gibt, die der Untersuchung
von Metaphern gewidmet werden, nimmt die Zahl solcher Abhandlungen immer noch
zu, da immer neue Aspekte dieser Erscheinung zum Vorschein kommen.
In diesem Artikel wurde das Problem der Wiedergabe von Metaphern aus einer
Sprache in eine andere angeregt, da dies zu den Hauptschwierigkeiten bei der
Übersetzung von verschiedenartigen Textsorten gehört. Dabei werden die
Besonderheiten der Wiedergabe von Metaphern aus Russischem ins Deutsche und
Englische verglichen.
Um diese Frage betrachten zu können, ist es vor allem notwendig, die Grenzen
des Begriffs „Metapher“ festzulegen, da es zahlreiche Ansätze zu dieser Erscheinung
gibt. Diese Vielzahl kann man aber auf drei wichtigsten Metapherntheorien
zurückführen. Sehr vereinfacht können solche Theorien der Metapher wie die
Substitutionstheorie, Interaktionstheorie und kognitive Theorie der Metapher
unterschieden werden.
Der Substitutionstheorie zufolge wird bei der Metapher das „eigentliche“ Wort
durch ein fremdes ersetzt (substituiert). Zwischen dem eigentlichen und dem fremden
Wort besteht Ähnlichkeit oder Analogie. Die Interaktionstheorie setzt voraus, dass es
für einen metaphorischen Ausdruck keinen „eigentlichen“ Ausdruck gibt. Der
metaphorische Ausdruck ist nicht ersetzbar, außer um den Preis eines Verlusts an
Bedeutung. Untersucht wird nun Stellung und Funktion einer Metapher in einem
Kontext, in einer Äußerung.
Kognitive Theorie der Metapher wurde in den achtziger Jahren des zwanzigsten
Jahrhunderts geboren, nachdem das neue linguistische Paradigma entstanden war. Ihre
Entstehung ist mit den Namen von amerikanischen Wissenschaftlern George Lakoff
und Mark Johnson verbunden, die in ihrem Buch „Metaphors we live by“ die
wichtigsten Aspekte ihres Konzepts [1, S. 35] dargelegt haben. Im Rahmen der
kognitiven Semantik bezeichnet der Begriff der Metapher in erster Linie ein Prinzip
der Konzeptbildung, das sich in der Sprache des Alltags niederschlägt.
Einzelne Metaphern der sprachlichen Ebene können als Instanzen größerer
Metaphernsysteme in einen Zusammenhang gestellt werden, der ihnen gemeinsame
Bildgehalt ist motiviert durch das ihnen jeweils zugrunde liegende Metaphernkonzept
[5, S. 84]. Dieses Konzept wird dadurch realisiert, dass ein Bereich des Lebens von
Menschen (wird ein Zielbereich genannt) mit den Begriffen eines anderen Bereiches
(wird ein Herkunftsbereich genannt) beschrieben wird. Die Gesamtheit solcher
Übertragungen aus einem Herkunftsbereich in einen Zielbereich bildet ein kognitives
Metaphernmodell [10, S. 112].
Dieser Ansatz bleibt in der modernen Linguistik immer noch populär, weil die
Metaphern dabei nicht nur als stilistische, sondern auch als kognitive Erscheinung
angesehen werden. In der gegebenen Untersuchung halten wir uns auch an solches
Verständnis der Metapher und analysieren die kognitiven Metaphernmodelle in der
Erzählung von dem berühmten russischen Schriftsteller Anton Pawlowitsch
Tschechow „Тсс!..“ und in ihren Übersetzungen ins Deutsche „Tsss!..“ und Englische
„Hush!..“.
Beim ersten Schritt unserer Analyse wurden die wichtigsten kognitiven
Metaphernmodelle in der originellen Novelle von Anton Pawlowitsch Tschechow
ausgewählt. Zu allererst ist das Modell „Schaffen ist Flug“ zu nennen, das sich wie ein
15
roter Faden durch die Erzählung zieht: … чтобывнешниепричиныислучайности,
вродепорчипера,
немоглипрерыватьнинасекундусвободного,
творческогополёта… [9, S. 12] Dieser trivialen Alltagsmetapher wird hier aber ein
neues Leben eingehaucht, indem man sie ironisch gebraucht, d.h. damit bewirkt der
Autor das gerade Gegenteil.
Was die Übersetzungen dieser Novelle ins Deutsche und Englische anbetrifft,
wird dieses kognitive Metaphernmodell in beiden Übersetzungen in gleich ironischem
Sinne verwendet: 1) … dass irgendein äußerer Einfluss oder Zufall, wie zum Beispiel
eine verdorbene Feder, auch nur auf eine Sekunde den freien schöpferischen Flug
unterbreche… 2) … that no accidental breaking of a pen may for a single second
interrupt the flight of his creative fancy. In der Übersetzung ins Deutsche (1) liegt der
humoristische Effekt offener zutage, was damit erklärt werden kann, dass die
grammatische Struktur beider Sprachen (Russisch und Deutsch) einander näher sind,
als der grammatische Aufbau der englischen Sprache. Dieser Effekt wird auf solche
Weise nicht nur durch lexikalische, sondern auch syntaktische Mittel erreicht, die für
die russische und deutsche Sprachen charakteristisch sind und im Englischen fehlen.
Außerdem wird in der deutschen Übersetzung auch eine zusätzliche Metapher
gebraucht, die zu diesem Metaphernsystem gehört und die im Original und der
englischen Übersetzung nicht vorhanden ist:Papa schreibt schnell, in fliegender Hast,
ohne Korrekturen und Pausen… Das klingt auf folgende Weise in der Urfassung:
Папапишетбыстро-быстро, безпомарокиостановок… [9, S. 13] und in der
englischen Übersetzung: Daddy writes very, very quickly, without corrections or
pauses… In beiden Varianten ist die Idee der Geschwindigkeit auf dieselbe direkte
Weise ausgedrückt.
Als das weitere kognitive Metaphernmodell kann das Modell „Der Mann ist ein
Tier“ betrachtet werden. Dieses Modell ist mit den folgenden Metaphern in der
originellen Novelle dargestellt: 1) … и, кажется, думают: „Эка, брат,
кактынасобачился!“[9, S. 13] 2)… вдали от нескромного, наблюдающего ока,
деспотизм и тирания над маленьким муравейником, брошенным судьбою под
его власть, составляют соль и мёд его существования [9, S. 14]. Das erste Beispiel
(1) ist mit der Erfahrung des Mannes verbunden, die mit der Erfahrung von einem
Hund verglichen wird. Das zweite Beispiel (2) beschreibt die alltägliche mühevolle
Kleinarbeit seiner Welt, die der von Ameisen ähnlich ist.
Dieses Modell tritt auf verschiedene Weise in den Übersetzungen auf. Was die
Erfahrung des Mannes anlangt, wird sie in der deutschen Übersetzung der Erfahrung
von einem Fuchs gleichgesetzt: … und scheinen zu denken: „Hast Du Bruder Dich
aber gut eingefuchst!“ Dieser Unterschied könnte unserer Meinung nach mit
kulturspezifischen Gründen erklärt werden. Das englische Äquivalent ist viel
einfacher: … and, keeping stock still, seem to be thinking: “Oh my dear, how you are
going it!” Hier wird allerdings keine Parallele mit einem Tier gezogen, deshalb kann
es nicht als Beispiel des kognitiven Modells „Der Mann ist ein Tier“ eingeführt
werden.
Die Welt dieses Mannes wird in der russischen Variante mit einem kleinen
Ameisenhaufen verglichen. Sowohl die deutsche Übersetzung (… sicher vor jedem
indiskreten beobachtenden Auge, der Despotismus und die Tyrannei in einem kleinen
Ameisenhaufen, den das Schicksal unter seine Gewalt gestellt hat, bilden das Salz und
16
den Honig seiner Existenz.), als auch in der englischen (… far from any indiscreet,
critical eye, tyrannizing and domineering over the little anthill that fate has put in his
power are the honey and the salt of his existence.) wird dieselbe Metapher dargestellt,
d.h. in den betrachteten Kulturen wird dieser Begriff gleich assoziiert.
Die Analyse der kognitiven Metaphernmodelle in der Novelle „Тсс!..“ von
Anton Pawlowitsch Tschechow und in ihren Übersetzungen ins Deutsche und
Englische lassen sich einige Schlussfolgerungen ziehen, die vor allem mit
linguistischem und kulturellem Aspekten verbunden sind. Die Auswahl von
Metaphern und Metaphernmodellen wird sowohl durch die Besonderheiten der
grammatischen Struktur der zu analysierenden Sprachen, als auch durch den
Unterschied im kognitiven Verständnis der Welt in jeweiligen Kulturen motiviert.
Literaturverzeichnis:
1 Lakoff G., Johnson M.: Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, 1980.
2 Sowinski B.: Stilistik. Stuttgart-Weimar, 1999.
3 Weinrich H.: Streit um Metaphern. Heidelberg, 1984.
4 Schmidt W.: Deutsche Sprachkunde. Berlin 1967.
5 Paul J.: Metaphor: problems and perspectives. Brighton, 1992.
6 Riesel E., Schendels E.: Deutsche Stilistik. Moskau, 1975.
7 Spitzer L.: Stilstudien I. Sprachstile. München, 1990.
8 Глазунова О.И.: Логика метафорических преобразований. Москва, 2002.
9 Чехов А.П.: Рассказы – Тсс!.. Москва, 1960.
10 Арутюнова Н.Д., Залевская А.А.: Метафора и дискурс // Теория метафоры.
Москва – Прогресс, 1990.
Баратова Д.М
THE DYNAMICS OF THE CONCEPTION “MAN AND NATURE” IN THE
LITERARY CREATION OF KAZAKH AND ENGLISH SPEAKING PROSE
WRITERS
dilnaz84@list.ru
Аңдатпа
Бұл мақалада «адам және табиғат» тұжырымдаманың серпінділігі қазақ
және ағылшын прозаиқтардың әдеби шығармашылығында қарастырылады.
Тірек сөздер
:
концепция, адам және табиғат, әдебиет
Аннотация
В статье рассматривается динамика концепции «Человек и Природа» в
литературном творчестве казахских и английских прозаиков.
Ключевые слова:
концепция, человек и природа, проза, литература
Abstract
The article is devoted to the question of dynamics of the concept «Person and
Nature» in literary creativity of the Kazakh and English prose writers.
Key words:
t
he concept, the person and the nature, prose, the literature
17
In modern foreign literature references and “eternal” ethical values act quite
often as moral relativism. Thus the existence of a moral criterion is put under doubt.
The beginning and the end of any possible ethical position of a person in the world
declare the person’s capacity to resist certain circumstances. So, it is supposed that the
idea of a person’s bearing on his company has become obsolete and illusionary. Such
a philosophy of life finds itself in the theory and practice of existentialistic literature.
Literature confidently defends the inviolability of a standard morality and the
determinacy and clarity of intellectual criteria. It is essential that it searches for them
and it finds them in the experiences of a nation-wide life. The realization of this
experience is beyond one’s power, so in the literature of the last decades heroes have
appeared, whose psychology the nation-wide experience acts as personally gained,
approved by his own experience and outlook in its original sense, where “world” is
“universe”, and “view” is a “long-lived view” or, if to follow the new sources, where
the world outlook is “a generalized system of views of the person on the world as a
whole, on a place of separate phenomena in the world and on his own place in it...”
Arutyunov some years ago in his article “National World and the Man” wrote
that “the closure of worlds” is an art principle permitting the writers “to solve
everyday problems” in their circle, then transpose them into the world as intrinsic
problems...” [1, с.285]. Therefore the worlds, created by the writers, whether it is the
wood cordon or a Kazakh village are esteemed by the critic as a model of a large
world and important problems and processes for mankind is important to mention that
the confrontation of Kazakh and American writers is necessary for the detection of a
specific art discovered in modern prose. It is maybe possible because we do not
compare their creation as a whole but as conterminous moments in an art solution of
the problem “man and nature” are meant only. And the writers focus their attention on
a small space on the map; their achievement is that their art patterns become clones of
the national world and centers for mankind’s problems. What is the essence of such an
art principle? Arutyunov considered “the epic principle” to be important: “... in all
cases memory and the legend save and create the root, soil and that small world in
which there is everything in it...”
Such an artistic outlook has not yet received a categorical definition, but the basis
of such a creative attitude is the “feeling of a straight line in the implication of a crime
to the epoch lived by all of mankind, and the comprehension of their historical
logicians, as well as their hidden presence in today’s atmosphere on a planet.”
This approach to reality will realize itself in a new sharpness, with one problem
about the limitedness of the modern spiritual development (of society, civilization and
person) is put today. The writers are interested in “the universal truths” (Hemingway),
determining the life of a person in mankind. The world is realized in a context of life
but not in a context significantly restricted in time and historical events. The conflicts,
by which one marks the consciousness of the heroes, are developed “not in a personal
consciousness but in a national being”. There occurs the meeting of “the epochs and
the forms of life and the systems of human relations”. Being still recently local and
entering into the office “of rural prose”, the gap of man and nature is not reduced to a
problem of environmental protection: it is, first, the problem of loosing the limitedness
18
of the miscellaneous forms of human life, he realises more acutely the native problem
of modern life and therefore as a native problem of literature.
In the course of time the coordinates have revealed the stability, in which
Oralkhan Bokeyev studied the person. “... The writer… is held by that, - he said, - that
writes about the person his strife with himself, with оther people, with the
environment...” [2, с.127]. Therefore “an image of the world” created by the writer is
more intensively discussed and from the point of view of those ethical values he
consists of. The relation of the person and nature, as they are treated by the writers
close to one another by the creative principles, are developed in the several plans as in
social (life of the person and society), and as in moral (ethical world order). But the
ontological plan prevails. The broad spreading in prose has received also the principle
of transformation the “post stamps of native ground” into the space”.
Oralkhan Bokeyev figures the Kazakh national nature “as one of the new
branches of a human tree...” This is Bokeyev’s position of “branch” results that
travelling deep and it moves together with its back in the direction of a large fulcrum,
we unexpectedly are capable to find out his literary relatives - for the writer’s phylum
is not easily met for them but somewhere in another corner of the earth, removed from
“modern and original lines”.
Satimzhan Sanbayev’s “universe” has appeared to be such an original “corner of
the earth” in the fulfillment of the writer. [4, с.326]. The essence of Sanbayev’s art
thought is about, that in the period of time, when it seemed to overwhelm the majority
of the people, as if “it models the life of our ancestors, who so long and were carefully
finished by them, have suddenly appeared to be unsuitable, inapplicable”, these
writers put “old” models on renegotiating, as though they tender us anew to approve
the eternal moral values in modernity, testing them in the psychics of a person and a
mode of life for mankind. It is possible to say, that their images not only fix a
condition of modern reality, but also bear in itself the idea about perfecting the world.
Ernest Hemingway’s creation in this sense has large art and philosophical power. The
picture of the world in prose, directed to the solution of “eternal” subjects, often has
two measurements: past and present; more correctly, legendary, a little bit
romanticized past and the drama, full of the warnings about the imperfection of the
present world.
The Bokeyev’s, Sanbaev’s and Hemingway’s images of the world, in particular,
have in their basis the legend of an initially natural world order harmonic device and
an interpretation of the world as a modern world which has lost its original harmony,
keeping the eternal status only in its “outlined alternation” of summer, autumn, winter
and spring, day and night. For a comprehensive model of the world created by these
writers, and also for their matching, it is important to remember, that their “images of
the world” are in essence irreducible to any of the parts: not an idea of “space”
(everyone has his own idea about it), not a map of a reality (rather different), taken
separately they do not deplete the conception of the world of any of these writers.
Satimzhan Sanbayev’s nature is majestic and at the same time ignorant to a
person. The force of the earth is one of Sanbaev’s favourite themes. The earth is the
substantial beginning, not a territory based earth, not a chunk of space, but an ancient,
tribal, irrational, rich and at the same time “thing - in – itself”; the beginning is
19
unknown and is probably already unrecognisable. It has a depth, which is eternal,
therefore time can be measured, but all is alive, nature, lives in its depth.
Subjectively, in a world outlook, people have already lost their sensation of unity
with the world. And consequently they do not have a place in this world harmony.
Their earth is beautiful, corpulent, fruit bearing and dead to the speeches of those who
declare their rights to it.
Man is the same spawning tragedy of this inescapable ground, as the low bush
and the sprawling maples, have evolved without his help or guidance. Such is
Bokeyev’s formula for the opposition between nature and man.
The plot, which passes from story to story and from novel to the novel, is
extremely characteristic for Bokeyev’s image of the world. The antinomy of “man and
nature” has not incidentally taken a large place in the problematic ways of the literary
processes of the modern world. It reflects the actual discordant “ontological status” of
mankind – “...this, as Davidov writes, “part” of nature has been torn off from it and
forced to exist “from a distance” from it, for all its life - daily and hourly - restoring
the torn off connections with it and restoring them by special fashions…
… From the first moment of the man’s occurrence in the world as a person, i.e. a
public entity, not as an animal, we interfere with a certain split, scission, dualization
accompanying the human individual through all life and in the final accounting
detecting himself as the ontological contents and as the structural feature of human
life. Let’s not hide from ourselves ... the fact that the relation between “nature” and
“man”... are not as harmonic, as we would like them to be.
Nature in Oralkhan Bokeyev’s works plays an incomparably large role. The
writer examines nature in its philosophical aspect and Man (Hero) includes the flow of
the natural phenomena. And consequently his themes of Nature are the “eternal
themes of birth, death and fate”. [3, с.127]. The writer is deep, he is unselfish, and he
loves and feels nature, lives in and with it. He considers his ability to merge with it, its
greatest gift, its best reward and this feeling is impossible to describe for his sense of
life will be lost.
The writers investigating the spiritual and everyday problems of this reality
anxiously signal today not only the growing antinomy of man and nature, but they also
mean that central corner, where the ulcer has appeared to be the most steep: these are
the relations of a man with other people, he sickly reflects on his relations with the “I”.
It is a subject of the hypertrophy of an individual, a subject of withering consequences
of a person’s separation by mankind.
The connections of Hemingway’s heroes with a tribal beginning are real, but as
the facts are broken down. Lonely and insulated from the world, Oralkhan Bokeyev’s
hero is often allotted by the writer's capacity to hear voices of mankind inside himself.
Hemingway’s heroes feel that - vaguely, but - always. [5, с.10]. Moreover, their
tragedy and feeling of doom are invariably connected with the inconsistencies
between the need for this union, and its actual impossibility. The spiritual vacuum has
spawned a phenomenon that is composite and strange: the “restlessness” of people.
Ernest Hemingway projected the tragic antinomy between man and nature inside
a person, by having designated alternatively the concepts of “person” and “mankind”.
He bent down before the majesty of the person, but he has seen also a person’s
20
arrogance as a consequent of dissolved organic connections between the person and
mankind, having produced “an invisible barrier of a disposed and proud obstinacy”.
Hemingway’s heroes hold a special position in the attitude of the world: their
destiny is a vessel placed in their hands.
These general connections are not necessarily expressed in the consciousness of
each the connection with the tribal beginning (such treatment would vulgarise the
writer’s idea). Now in the person the need for a union is alive and it is the main thing
Bokeyev can trust, that he can see, that he has born during his life and in his plutonic
connection with our reality.
The writers acutely feel the necessity “to solve this tragic antinomy, having
correlated it with a maximum character of a person’s life and with his prevalue…”
То create a high moral-philosophical model, to embody in it people’s
representation about the prevalue of man and to correlate it with the experiences of our
life - this is the maximum sense of the ethical aspirations of modern prose.
The internal subject of creation is the implementation “of an image of the world”
of the writer, his art, vision, and his electoral approach to reality.
The basic creative theme of the author, taken in general parameters, forms though
a huge corpus, under which there are separate stories of the writer.
The originality of a methodology of this analysis consists of the skill of the
researcher to see the connection of a local subject with the general creative subject of
the writer, not a static connection, but dialectic, wherefore each story is
simultaneously the reflection of an essential theme and its further development.
Therefore the theme of the separate story cannot be esteemed at all as a simple case
history - it should reflect the spiritual development of the writer and his solution of the
major issues of our time.
At the same time the emotional-intellectual pressure demands an intent look to all
levels of the story; they are subjective, composite and stylistic. The analysis of an
internal subject of a separate creative work allows more particularly allows the author
to speak about the problems of a story and to orient it in the pattern of modern
problems.
The reconstruction of the art world is not easy. It is necessary to determine a
circle of the author’s cognitive concerns within the limits of his heroes; to understand
his concept of man and nature; it is necessary to see the “gear” of his behaviour of the
characters: their initial stimulants, motives and springs determining their acts, it is
necessary to leave to the analysis of the main ideas significant for the writer...
But the main route to the cognition of the originality of the art world of a writer
lies through his union of the problems worrying him, which is found in the stability of
the “internal” subject of the writer’s creation. Thereby the “internal” theme maybe
reviewed as a skeleton or rod, the structure of his art world.
Список использованной литературы:
1
1. Белая Г. «Литература в зеркале критики» Москва, 1986. – 285с.
2
2. Carlos Baker. Hemingway. The Writer as an Artist. Princeton University Press, 1972. -
p.292
3
3. Бокеев О. След молнии VI. 1978г. - 127с.
4
4. Санбаев С. Белая Аруана Москва, 1976. - 326с.
5
5. Hemingway. Sanderson S. Writers and Critics. Oliver and Boyd. 1961. - p.10
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Загоруйко А.С.
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