Конкурсная работа (Английский язык) Откуда произошли английские слова?
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- Old English New English Latin Greek
- Old Enslish New English German Danish
- Suffix Old example Modern version Meaning
- -leas slæp+ leas sleepless -lic
- Prefixes Old English example Modern version
- Old English Scandinavian New English
- Native Through Scandinavian
Certainly we can’t claim all these words to be exactly of the same meaning due to the time passed. But anyway they have obviously mutual roots. Stratum II Mutual Germanic derivation This layer is relatively more recent. These words were derived during the later historical period when separation between Indo-European language groups became more and more denotable. Such words can be found mostly in Germanic language groups.
Stratum III The third stratum was made up of words that existed only in English, for instance, the word clypian (to call), the root preserved in the now somewhat obsolete word yclept (named). The word woman belongs to this stratum too. It derived from the words wif and man: w ifman wimman woman To be perfectly honest this layer is the poorest one. Means of enriching vocabulary In the curse of time the language was changing. New words appeared while old ones were forgotten. Generally speaking, there are two ways of enriching the vocabulary. The first one is fulfilled with the internal means. In this case words are inherent in the language. They were formed during interchanges within the nation itself. But taking into account active relationships between different peoples in those times the most popular means of enriching the Old English vocabulary were called the external means. In this case new words appeared during contacts between different tribes, countries, regions, etc. Let’s start with the internal means anyway. Internal means Internal means includes word derivation and word composition. Word derivation consists of primarily affixation and vowel interchanging. Primarily affixation There were a lot of different affixes in those times. I will present you few ones which are still preserved in the language. Here are the Old English words and in brackets you can see the modern relevant ones. noun suffixes of concrete nouns:
These suffixes helped to derive noun from noun
These suffixes helped to derive abstract nouns from nouns or adjectives adjective suffixes:
These suffixes were used to derive adjectives from nouns. noun suffixes:
This suffix was used to derive a noun from a verb. prefixes:
Apparently that almost all the affixes have remained the same meaning till nowadays. Vowel interchanging
In this case relevant nouns and verbs had different vowels in their roots. Word composition In this situation words were composed together to form a new one. Here are some simple examples: nouns: gold+smið (goldsmith), Engla+land (land of the Angles, England) ajectives: ic+ceald (ice-cold) External means In this case new words appeared during contacts between peoples. Latin borrowings: pound, inch, pepper, cheese, wine, apple, street, devil, apostle, monk, master, school, lion, tiger, plant, astronomy. Celtic borrowings: Avon, Esk. Summing up it should be stated that the Old English was a language of a developing nation. It had its own features and direction of progress. Middle English The vocabulary was very instable in this period. It was constantly changing. Internal Means Though almost all the affixes of the Old period were preserved they were not widely used in order to form new vocabulary. Generally speaking, we can observe mostly word composition. In the Middle Period appeared various adverbs like these: Anywhere ( any+wher(e)) Beforehand (before+hand) Meanwhile (meen/meien+whil(e)) Already (all+re(a)dy) External Means Scandinavian borrowings.
Anyway it should be mentioned that there were different conditions of various borrowings: Sometimes the English language borrowed a word having the same synonym. Those words were simply added to the vocabulary: law- act, canon, ordinance, principle, statute; fellow- boy, guy, lad, and chap. The English word was ousted by the borrowing: taken instead of niman, callen instead of clypian. Both variants were preserved but became different in meaning: heaven and sky, starve and die. Sometimes the native word and the borrowed word can be etymological doublets. That means that they have the same ancient roots.
French borrowings. Government and legislature Government, noble, baron, prince, duke, court, justice, judge, crime, prison, condemn, sentence, parliament. Military life Army, battle, peace, victory, general, colonel. Religion Religion, prey, saint. City crafts Painter, tailor. Pleasure and entertainment Music, art, feast, pleasure, leisure, supper, dinner, pork, beef, mutton. Daily life Air, place, river, large, age, boil, branch, chair, table, choice, cry, cost. Relationships Aunt, uncle, nephew, cousin. The place of the French borrowings within the English language was different: A word might have been borrowed from the French to denote notions unknown to the English up to the time: government, parliament, general, colonel. The English synonyms were ousted by the French borrowings.
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